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Three-Dimensional Microstructural Modelling Of Wear, Crack Initiation and Growth In Rail Steel
D.I. Fletcher,F.J. Franklin,J.E. Garnham,E. Muyupa,M. Papaelias,C.L. Davis,A. Kapoor,M. Widiyarta,G. Vasie 한국철도학회 2008 International Journal of Railway Vol.1 No.3
Rolling-sliding, cyclic contact of wheel and rail progressively alters the microstructure of the contacting steels, eventually leading to micro-scale crack initiation, wear and macro-scale crack growth in the railhead. Relating the microstructural changes to subsequent wear and cracking is being accomplished through modelling at three spatial scales: (ⅰ) bulk material (ⅱ) multi-grain and (ⅲ) sub-grain. The models incorporate detailed information from metallurgical examinations of used rails and tested rail material. The initial 2-dimensional models representing the rail material are being further developed into 3-dimensional models. Modelling is taking account of thermal effects, and traffic patterns to which the rails are exposed.
Three-Dimensional Microstructural Modelling of Wear, Crack Initiation and Growth in Rail Steel
Fletcher, D.I.,Franklin, F.J.,Garnham, J.E.,Muyupa, E.,Papaelias, M.,Davis, C.L.,Kapoor, A.,Widiyarta, M.,Vasic, G. The Korean Society for Railway 2008 International Journal of Railway Vol.1 No.3
Rolling-sliding, cyclic contact of wheel and rail progressively alters the microstructure of the contacting steels, eventually leading to micro-scale crack initiation, wear and macro-scale crack growth in the railhead. Relating the microstructural changes to subsequent wear and cracking is being accomplished through modelling at three spatial scales: (i) bulk material (ii) multi-grain and (iii) sub-grain. The models incorporate detailed information from metallurgical examinations of used rails and tested rail material. The initial 2-dimensional models representing the rail material are being further developed into 3-dimensional models. Modelling is taking account of thermal effects, and traffic patterns to which the rails are exposed.
Paul D.I. Fletcher,Noel A. Roberts,Choephel Urquhart 한국공업화학회 2016 Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Vol.34 No.-
Mixtures of either a hydrocarbon wax in a hydrocarbon solvent or a long chain triacyl glyceride (TAG) in aTAG solvent show complex solubility boundary temperature hysteresis and precipitated crystal networkformation leading to gelation. For these industrially-important systems, we show how the equilibriumsolubility and its hysteresis, crystallisation kinetics and pour point temperature vary with soluteconcentration for representative examples of both hydrocarbon (n-tetracosane (C24) solute in n-heptane(C7) solvent) and TAG (tristearin (SSS) solute in tricaprylin (CCC) solvent) mixtures. The behaviour ismodelled with good accuracy; thereby providing a useful aid to formulation and process optimisation.