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HUGO VALENÇA DE ARAÚJO,JOSÉ VICENTE HALLAK D'ANGELO 대한설비공학회 2014 International Journal Of Air-Conditioning and Refr Vol.22 No.4
Alcoholic fermentation is one of the most important stages in industrial ethanol productionprocess, involving a biochemical and exothermic reaction. Sometimes cooling towers are notcapable of supplying a cold utility with a temperature low enough to maintain the fermentativemedium temperature in a desirable range. Absorption Refrigeration Systems (ARS) appears to bea good alternative to obtain the necessary refrigeration for the fermentation process. The aim ofthe present paper was to carry out a thermodynamic analysis of ARS, evaluating their performancethrough the First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics. ARS with different con¯gurationswere studied (single-effect and double-effect with series, parallel and reverse parallel flows), all ofthem operating with water/lithium bromide mixture as working pair, under different operatingconditions in order to satisfy the cooling load required by an industrial alcoholic fermentationprocess. Another objective of this paper was to investigate the risk of LiBr crystallization, whichcan result in scaling formation, with the aid of the solid–liquid phase equilibrium curve of H2O/LiBr mixture. Among the double-effect con¯gurations studied, it was observed that series flow presents the more signi¯cant crystallization risk, which represents a limit to improve its First andSecond Law performances. It was veri¯ed that the Second Law performance for the single-anddouble-effect ARS analyzed are similar, but their First Law performance are considerably different. This is due to the amount and quality of the heat consumed in the first effect generators ofthese systems. For a base case studied, First Law performance measured by coefficient of performance(COP) of double-effect ARS is 72% greater than the one for single-effect, while forSecond Law performance, measured by exergetic efficiency, an increase of 5% was observed.
Liu, Ying,Davies, Jackie A.,Luhmann, Janet G.,Vourlidas, Angelos,Bale, Stuart D.,Lin, Robert P. IOP Publishing 2010 ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LETTERS - Vol.710 No.1
<P>We describe a geometric triangulation technique, based on time-elongation maps constructed from imaging observations, to track coronal mass ejections (CMEs) continuously in the heliosphere and predict their impact on the Earth. Taking advantage of stereoscopic imaging observations from the Solar Terrestrial Relations Observatory, this technique can determine the propagation direction and radial distance of CMEs from their birth in the Corona all the way to 1 AU. The efficacy of the method is demonstrated by its application to the 2008 December 12 CME, which manifests as a magnetic cloud (MC) from in situ measurements at the Earth. The predicted arrival time and radial velocity at the Earth are well confirmed by the in situ observations around the MC. Our method reveals non-radial motions and velocity changes of the CME over large distances in the heliosphere. It also associates the flux-rope structure measured in situ with the dark cavity of the CME in imaging observations. Implementation of the technique, which is expected to be a routine possibility in the future, may indicate a substantial advance in CME studies as well as space weather forecasting.</P>