서울시 대기오염과 호흡기 질환 환자와의 관련성에 대한 시계열적 연구

최병철,구정완,박성균,임현우,이강숙,이원철,박정일 大韓産業醫學會 2000 대한직업환경의학회지 Vol.12 No.1

목적 : 서울시의 대기오염 수준이 호흡기 질환 외래 환자수에 미치는 단기 영향을 파악하고자 하였다. 방법 : 1997년 7월부터 1998년 6월까지 서울시의 대기오염자료와 호흡기 질환에 대한 의료보험자료를 분석하였다. 추세변동과 기상요인, 요일 및 주별 효과등의 교란요인을 제어하고 관련성을 평가하기 위하여 generalized additive model(GAM)을 이용하였다. 결과 : 교란요인을 제어한 기본모델에 각 대기오염 물질을 포함시켜 분석한 결과, CO는 모든 연령층에서 일정하게 당일 농도가 가장 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났고(RR=1.041∼1.051), NO₂역시 3일전의 농도가 모든 연령층에서 가장 유의한 영향을 미쳤다(RR=1.024∼1.050). O₃와 SO₂는 4일전 농도부터 당일 농도까지 지연시간이 길게 나타나는 특징을 보였으며, 15세 이하에서는 3일전 농도가(O₃RR=1.047, 95 % Cl=1.045∼1.049, SO₂RR=1.018, 95 % Cl=1.017∼1.020), 15-64fll (O₃RR=1.035, 95 % Cl=1.032∼1.037, SO₂RR=1.037, 95 % Cl=1.035∼1.039)와 65세 이상 (O₃RR=1.042, 95 % Cl=1.033∼1.051, SO₂RR=1,029, 95 % Cl=1.022∼1.036)에서는 당일 농도가 가장 유의한 결과를 나타냈다. PM□은 유의성이 낮게 나타났는데 15세 이하는 하루 전 농도(RR=1.011, 95 % 71=1.010∼1.013), 15∼64771(RR=1.021, 95 % Cl=1.019∼1.023)와 65세 이상(RR=1.025, 95 % Cl=1.018∼1.032)은 당일 농도가 유의하게 나타났다. 두 포염물질씩을 기본모델에 포함시켜 분석한 결과 CO, NO₂, O₃는 상대위험비가 '단일 오염물질모델'의 값과 거의 일정하게 통계적 유의성을 유지하였으나 SO₂는 15세 이하에서 NO₂와 같이 포함된 모델에서 통계적 유의성을 상실하였다. PM□은 모든 연령층에서 CO와 같이 포함된 모델에서 통계적 유의성을 상실하여 '단일 오염물질모델'에서 나타난 유의성이 CO에 의한 교란작용의 결과임을 알 수 있었다. 또한 15세 이하에서 NO₂, 15∼64세와 65세 이상에서 502와 같이 포함된 모델에서 역시 유의성을 상실하여 본 연구에서 살펴본 호흡기 질환에 미치는 PM□의 영향은 크지 않은 것으로 나타났다. 결론 : 본 연구의 결과는 서울시의 일상적인 대기오염이 여러 호흡기질환의 발생을 증가시킬 수 있음을 보여주었다. 따라서 대기오염의 효율적 규제에 대해 보다 적극적인 대책이 마련되어야 할 것이다. Objectives : This study was conducted to investigate whether air pollution levels in Seoul have short term effects on respiratory disease outpatients. Methods : We analyzed five air pollutants (CO, NO₂, O₃, SO₂, PM□) and daily counts of outpatient for respiratory disease divided by age group ((15yrs, 15-64yrs, 654yrs)during the period of July 1997-June 1998 using Generalized Additive Model (GAM) . Results : After controlling for seasonal trends, day of the week, week of the month, temperature and humidity, CO (RR=1.041 ∼1.051, 0-day lag) and NO₂(RR=1.024∼1.050, 3-day lag) were significantly associated with daily counts for respiratory disease in all age groups. O₃and SO₂were associated, with a 3-day lag in the age group under 15 years (O₃RR=1.047, 95% Cl=1.045-1.049; SO₂RR=1.018, 95% Cl=1.017-1.020) and with a 0-day lag in the age group 15 to 64 years (03 RR=1.035, 95% Cl=1.032-1.037; 502 RR=1.037, 95% Cl=1.035-1.039), in the age group over 65 years (O₃RR=1.042, 95% Cl=1.033-1.051; SO₂RR=1.029, 95% Cl=1.022-1.036). PMlo was weakly associated, with a 1∼day lag In the age group under 15 years (RR=1.011, 95% Cl=1.010-1.013) and with a 0-day lag in the age group 15 to 64 years (RR=1.021, 95% Cl=1.019-1.023), in the age group over 65 years(RR=1.025, 95% Cl=1.018-1.032) . In the' two pollutant model', the magnitudes of the recta alive risk for CO, NO₂nd O₃were maintained, but SO₂was not assoclated with daily counts for respiratory disease in the age group under 15 years after controlling for NO₂-PM□ was not associated in all age groups after controlling for CO, so the association with PM□ in the' single pollutant model' might be confounded by CO. In this study, the impact of PM□ on the respiratory disease was not large as compared with other pollutants. Conclusions : Air pollution in Seoul may Increase the Incidence of the respiratory disease, so more positive attention for the control of air pollution should be paid.

RF파워가 SiO2/PES 기판위에 증착한 ITZO 박막의 광학적 및 전기적 특성에 미치는 효과

최병균(Byeong-Kyun Choi),정양희(Yang-Hee Joung),강성준(Seong-Jun Kang) 한국전자통신학회 2021 한국전자통신학회 논문지 Vol.16 No.3

플라스틱 기판 중에서 열적 안정성과 광학적 특성이 우수한 PES 기판을 선택한 후, 흡습성이 높은 단점을 보완하기 위해 플라즈마 화학기상증착 법으로 SiO2 박막을 버퍼층으로 20nm 두께로 증착하였다. 그 후 ITZO 박막을 고주파 마그네트론 스퍼터링 법으로 증착하여 RF파워에 따른 전기적 및 광학적 특성들을 조사하였다. RF파워 50W에서 증착한 ITZO 박막이 8.02 × 10-4 Ω-cm의 비저항과 50.13 Ω/sq.의 면저항으로 가장 우수한 전기적 특성을 나타내었다. ITZO 박막의 가시광 영역(400-800 nm)에서의 평균 투과도는 RF파워가 40, 50W인 경우 80% 이상으로 비교적 높은 값을 나타내었다. 재료 평가 지수들인 ΦTC와 FOM은 RF파워 50W에서 증착한 ITZO 박막에서 각각 23.90×10-4 Ω-1와 5883 Ω-1cm-1로 가장 큰 값을 나타내었다. After selecting a PES substrate with excellent thermal stability and optical properties among plastic substrates, a SiO2 thin film was deposited as a buffer layer to a thickness of 20nm by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition to compensate for the high moisture absorption. Then, the ITZO thin film was deposited by a RF magnetron sputtering method to investigate electrical and optical properties according to RF power. The ITZO thin film deposited at 50W showed the best electrical properties such as a resistivity of 8.02×10-4 Ω-cm and a sheet resistance of 50.13Ω/sq.. The average transmittance of the ITZO thin film in the visible light region(400-800nm) was relatively high as 80% or more when the RF power was 40 and 50W. Figure of Merits (ΦTC and FOM) showed the largest values of 23.90×10-4 Ω-1 and 5883 Ω-1cm-1, respectively, in the ITZO thin film deposited at 50W.

공정압력이 GTZO 박막의 구조적, 전기적 및 광학적 특성에 미치는 영향

최병균(Byeong-Kyun Choi),정양희(Yang-Hee Joung),강성준(Seong-Jun Kang) 한국전자통신학회 2024 한국전자통신학회 논문지 Vol.19 No.1

본 연구에서는 고주파 마그네트론 스퍼터링 법으로 공정압력을 1에서 7mTorr 로 변화시켜 가며 GTZO (Ga-Ti-Zn-O)박막을 제작하여, 구조적 특성과 전기적 및 광학적 특성을 조사하였다. XRD측정을 통해 공정압력에 무관하게 모든 GTZO박막이 c-축으로 우선 성장함을 확인할 수 있었고, 1mTorr 에서 제작한 GTZO 박막이 반가폭 0.38° 로 가장 우수한 결정성을 나타내었다. 가시광 영역(400∼800 nm)에서의 평균 투과도는 공정압력에 상관없이 80%이상의 값을 나타내었고, 공정압력이 증가함에 따라 캐리어 농도가 감소하고 이로 인해 에너지 밴드갭이 좁아지는 Burstein - Moss 효과도 관찰할 수 있었다. 공정압력 1mTorr 에서 증착한 GTZO박막의 재료 평가 지수는 9.08 × 103 Ω-1·cm-1 로 가장 우수한 값을 나타내었고 이때 비저항과 가시광 영역에서의 평균 투과도는 각각 5.12 × 10-4 Ω·cm 과 80.64 % 이었다. In this study, GTZO(Ga-Ti-Zn-O) thin films were deposited at various working pressures (1∼7mTorr) by RF magnetron sputtering to examine the structural, electrical, and optical properties. All GTZO thin films exhibited c-axis preferential growth regardless of working pressure, the GTZO thin film deposited at 1mTorr showed the most excellent crystallinity having 0.38˚ of FWHM. The average transmittance in the visible light region (400∼800nm) showed 80% or more regardless of the working pressure. We could observed the Burstein-Moss effect that carrier concentration decrease with the increase of working pressure and thus the energy band gap is narrowed. Figure of merits of GTZO thin film deposited at 1mTorr showed the highest value of 9.08 × 103 Ω-1·cm-1, in this case resistivity and average transmittance in the visible light region were 5.12 × 10-4 Ω·cm and 80.64%, respectively.

Development and Evaluation of the Muon Trigger Detector using a Resistive Plate Chamber

Byeong-Hyeon Park,Yong-Kyun Kim,Jeong-Soo Kang,Young-Jin Kim,Ihn-Jea Choi,Chong Kim,Byung-Sik Hong 대한방사선방어학회 2011 방사선방어학회지 Vol.36 No.1

DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF THE MUON TRIGGER DETECTOR USING A RESISTIVE PLATE CHAMBER

Park, Byeong-Hyeon,Kim, Yong-Kyun,Kang, Jeong-Soo,Kim, Young-Jin,Choi, Ihn-Jea,Kim, Chong,Hong, Byung-Sik The Korean Association for Radiation Protection 2011 방사선방어학회지 Vol.36 No.1

The PHENIX Experiment is the largest of the four experiments that have taken data at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider. PHENIX, the Pioneering High Energy Nuclear Interaction eXperiment, is designed specifically to measure direct probes of the collisions such as electrons, muons, and photons. The primary goal of PHENIX is to discover and study a new state of matter called the Quark-Gluon Plasma. Among many particles, muons coming from W-boson decay gives us key information to analyze the spin of proton. Resistive plate chambers are proposed as a suitable solution as a muon trigger because of their fast response and good time resolution, flexibility in signal readout, robustness and the relatively low cost of production. The RPC detectors for upgrade were assembled and their performances were evaluated. The procedure to make the detectors better was optimized and described in detail in this thesis. The code based on ROOT was written and by using this the performance of the detectors made was evaluated, and all of the modules for north muon arm met the criteria and installation at PHENIX completed in November 2009. As RPC detectors that we made showed fast response, capacity of covering wide area with a resonable price and good spatial resolution, this will give the opportunity for applications, such as diagnosis and customs inspection system.

양파 권취식 기계이식 효과 구명

조상균(Sang Kyun Cho),최인후(In Hu Choi),김철우(Cheol Woo Kim),장영석(Young Seok Jang),현동윤(Dong Yun Hyun),이을태(Eul Tai Lee),정병춘(Byeong Choon Jeong) 한국원예학회 2001 한국원예학회 학술발표요지 Vol.2001 No.5

임상연구 : 전신마취 및 경막외 마취에서 손,발가락의 맥파전달시간차의 변화

김태균 ( Tae Kyun Kim ),조아름 ( Ah Reum Cho ),최병철 ( Byeong Cheol Choi ),백승완 ( Seong Wan Baik ) 대한마취과학회 2007 Korean Journal of Anesthesiology Vol.53 No.1

Background: Pulse wave velocity (PWV) and pulse transit time (PTT) are influenced by the arterial wall stiffness and compliance. Also, the PTT is dependent on blood pressure changes that can be accompanied by the anesthesia. The simply measured PTT has difficult to discriminate the arterial compliance changes from blood pressure changes. Therefore, we investigated that the differences of PTT between toe and finger as an independent parameter on blood pressure. Methods: Eighteen patients scheduled for elective lower abdominal gynecologic surgery were studied. General anesthesia was achieved with sevoflurane and epidural block was done with 0.2% ropivacaine and fentanyl 100μg via epidural catheter inserted into L1-L2 epidural space. PTT was measured in a finger (PTTf) and a toe (PTTt) by the time difference between the ECG R wave and the pulse wave of PPG. Blood pressure and PTT was measured at three instances such as preinduction (Pre), 5 minutes after intubation (Int5) and 30 minutes after injection of epidural dose (Epi). The time delay of PTT between toe and finger (PTTt-f) was measured. Results: PTTf and PTTt was prolonged at Int5 and Epi. But the PTTt-f was not different between the Int5 and Epi because of prolonged PTTf caused by the blood pressure decrement after the epidural block. Conclusions: PTTf, PTTt and PTTt-f can be a one of the convenient measurement of the arterial compliance but it was suggested that there need to be a parameter less dependent on the blood pressure changes. (Korean J Anesthesiol 2007; 53: 21~6)

MBE Growth and Investigate Optical Properties of Mg-Doped GaAs Epitaxial Layer

Hyun Young Choi,Su Min Jeon,Min Young Cho,Ghun Sik Kim,Do Yeob Kim,Min Su Kim,Dong Kyun Jeong,Byeong Guk Choi,Jin Soo Kim,Jong Su Kim,Jeong-Sik Son,Gi-Seog Eom,Jae-Young Leem 한국진공학회 2009 한국진공학회 학술발표회초록집 Vol.37 No.-

Analysis of Risk Factors for the Development of Incisional and Parastomal Hernias in Patients after Colorectal Surgery

송인호,Heon-Kyun Ha,Sang-Gi Choi,Byeong Geon Jeon,Min Jung Kim,Kyu Joo Park 대한대장항문학회 2012 Annals of Coloproctolgy Vol.28 No.6

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the overall rate and risk factors for the development of an incisional hernia and a parastomal hernia after colorectal surgery. Methods: The study cohort consisted of 795 consecutive patients who underwent open colorectal surgery between 2005and 2007 by a single surgeon. A retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data was performed. Results: The overall incidence of incisional hernias was 2% (14/690). This study revealed that the cumulative incidences of incisional hernia were 1% at 12 months and 3% after 36 months. Eighty-six percent of all incisional hernias developed within 3 years after a colectomy. The overall rate of parastomal hernias in patients with a stoma was 6.7% (7/105). The incidence of parastomal hernias was significantly higher in the colostomy group than in the ileostomy group (11.9% vs. 0%; P = 0.007). Obesity, abdominal aortic aneurysm, American Society of Anesthesiologists score, serum albumin level, emergency surgery and postoperative ileus did not influence the incidence of incisional or parastomal hernias. However, the multivariate analysis revealed that female gender and wound infection were significant risk factors for the development of incisional hernias female: P = 0.009, wound infection: P = 0.041). There were no significant factors related to the development of parastomal hernias. Conclusion: Our results indicate that most incisional hernias develop within 3 years after a colectomy. Female gender and wound infection were risk factors for the development of an incisional hernia after colorectal surgery. In contrast, no significant factors were found to be associated with the development of a parastomal hernia.

Differentially regulated functional gene clusters identified in early hypoxic cardiomyocytes

Kim, Do Kyun,Choi, Eunmi,Song, Byeong-Wook,Cha, Min-Ji,Ham, Onju,Lee, Se-Yeon,Lee, Chang Youn,Park, Jun-Hee,Song, Heesang,Hwang, Ki-Chul Springer-Verlag 2012 Molecular biology reports Vol.39 No.10