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Chitra Devi Venkatachalam,Sathish Raam Ravichandran,Mothil Sengottian 대한환경공학회 2022 Environmental Engineering Research Vol.27 No.1
Thermochemical conversion is an effective process in production of biocrude. It mainly includes techniques such as torrefaction, liquefaction, gasification and pyrolysis in which Hydrothermal Liquefaction (HTL) has the potential to produce significant energy resource. Algae, one of the third-generation feedstocks is placed in the top order for production of bio-oil compared to the first and second-generation feedstock, as the algae can get multiplied in shorter time with the uptake of greenhouse gases. In HTL, the subcritical water helps the biomass to undergo thermal depolymerisation and produce various chemicals such as nitrogenates, alkanes, phenolics, esters, etc. The produced “biocrude” or “bio-oil” may be further upgraded into value-added chemicals and fuels. In addition, the bio-gas and bio-char are also synthesized as by-products. This review provides an overview of different routes available for thermochemical conversion of biomass. It also provides an insight on the operating parameters such as temperature, pressure, dosage of catalyst and solvent for lignocellulosic and algal biomass under HTL environment. In extent, the article covers the conversion mechanism for these two feedstocks and also the effects of the operating parameters on the yield of biocrude are studied in detail.
Chitra Rajagopal,Anu Anto,Vinod Kavumkeril Vijayan 국립중앙과학관 2023 Journal of Asia-Pacific Biodiversity Vol.16 No.3
Barrier islands are one of the most dynamic ecosystems that are constantly changing with waves, wind,tidal energies, and so on. These islands are placed parallel to the shore with gently sloping coastal plainsand a moderate tidal range supported by estuaries and wetlands. They act as a natural barrier to protectthe land from high tides and support diverse taxa. Dung beetles are ecologically important organismsthat facilitate various services influencing the total stability of that ecosystem. They can be considered asa focal taxon, and their conservation and protection keep the ecosystem clean and healthy. The presentstudy is a preliminary study on the dung beetles from a tropical barrier island system; the Vypin Kadamakkudy Barrier Island System; located in the Kerala part of the south Indian coast. The studyaccounted for 29 dung beetle species of eight genera under three tribes. The heavily populated islandsystem is marked by two new reports to Kerala, namely, Catharsius pithecius Fabricius, 1775 and Dig itonthophagus bonasus (Fabricius, 1775). Four species reported are already categorized as rare in theSouth Western Ghats.
Studies on enhancing the biodegradation of tannins by ozonation and Fenton’s oxidation process
Chitra Kalyanaraman,Kanchinadham Sri Bala Kameswari,Jonnalagadda Raghava Rao 한국공업화학회 2015 Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Vol.25 No.-
Tannins are used in vegetable tanning and re-tanning processes. The biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) to chemical oxygen demand (COD) ratio of 0.196 indicated that tannins are recalcitrant and persistent. Ozonation as pre-treatment resulted in 20% and 49% of COD and total phenol removal due to mineralization and the BOD5/COD ratio increased to 0.298. Fenton’s reagent pre-treatment resulted in 51% and 85% reduction of COD and phenol removal due to mineralization, with subsequent improvement in BOD5/COD ratio from 0.196 to 0.443. Wastewater pre-treated with Fenton’s reagent resulted in BOD5 and COD of 26 and 210 mg/L in the aerobic treated final effluent.
Chitra Jairaman,Syed Ali Mohamed Yacoob,Anuradha Venkatraman,Yogananth Nagarajan,Gnanadesigan Murugesan 대한약침학회 2019 Journal of pharmacopuncture Vol.22 No.1
Objective: The aim of the study was to evaluate the hepatoprotective activity of the bark extract (Ethanol:Water) in the ratio of (3:1) of Rhizophora mucronata (BERM) by intoxicating the HepG 2 cell lines with different toxicants viz, CCL 4 , Ethanol and Paracetamol with different concentrations of the extract were used. The HepG 2 cell lines were subjected to MTT Assay for studying the cytotoxicity. Methods: HepG 2 cells were plated using 96 well plate in 10% bovine serum, exposed to different toxicants viz, 2% CCl 4 , 60% Ethanol and 14 mM Paracetamol respectively. The various test concentrations (18.85, 37.5, 75, 150 and 300 μg/ml) of bark extract of Rhizophora mucronata was added and incubated for 24 hours. Medium was removed after incubation period and 0.5 mg/ml MTT(3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) was added and again incubated for 4 hours at 37oC. Then MTT was removed the crystals was dissolved in DMSO and absorbance was measured at 570 nm. Results: The result showed that dose dependent increase in percentage of viability at the doses of 18.85, 37.5, 75, 150, 300 μg/ml. The results for the CCl4 intoxicated, at 300 μg/ml of the concentration of the extract, the % of viable cells was found out to be 99.6%, for Ethanol intoxicated, 97.67%, and Paracetamol induced, 75.37%, IC50 was 21.53 μg/ml, 12.61 μg/ml and 21.42 μg/ml respectively. Conclusion: Thus, we conclude that, the extract possesses defensive effect against different toxicants and can be used as an alternate drug for hepatotoxicity.
Chitra, Subramanian,Lee, Ho-Sa,Kim, Youngjun The Microbiological Society of Korea 1999 The journal of microbiology Vol.37 No.3
Thirteen transcriptionally-fused carbon starvation mutants, derived from Pseudomonas putida ATCC 12633, were analyzed for their survivability and transcriptional induction profiles upon carbon starvation. One of these mutants, MK114, which exhibited the lowest survivability and the highest induction rate, was selected and further examined under different starvation (nitrogen and phosphate) and stress (osmolarity, H2O2, salts, alcohol, and heat) conditions. Under all tested conditions MK114 induced ${\beta}$-galactosidase activity, implying that the interrupted gene (cst114) is a general starvation and stress response gene. The rate of induction ranged from 2.6-fold for phosphate starvation to 3.7-fold for osmotic shock. The mini-Tn5 flanking DNA was cloned from the chromosome of MK114. The cloned DNA fragment exhibited carbon starvation activity, indicating that this fragment contains a carbon starvation-related promoter region. This region was partially sequenced. Possible physiological roles of Cst114 in a carbon sensing mechanism and in other stress responses are also discussed.
Study of the immunosuppressive activity of methanolic extract of Madhuca longifolia (Koenig)
Chitra V,Dhawle Ganesh,Sharma Shrinivas 경희대학교 융합한의과학연구소 2010 Oriental Pharmacy and Experimental Medicine Vol.10 No.3
The immunosuppressive activity of the Methanol extract of bark of Madhuca longifolia (Koenig)consisting of a mixture of saponins, flavonoids, tannins, steroids, phenol and glycosides was studied on the immune responses in mice. Methanol extract of Madhuca longifolia (MLL) was administered orally at doses of 50, 100 and 150 mg/kg/day to healthy mice divided into four groups consisting of six animals each. The assessment of immunomodulatory activity was carried out by testing the humoral (antibody titre) and cellular (foot pad swelling) immune responses to the antigenic challenge by sheep RBCs. Furthermore, the effect on hematological parameters as well as relative organ weight was determined. On oral administration MML showed a significant decrease delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) response whereas the humoral response to sheep RBCs was unaffected. Thus MLL significantly suppressed the cellular immunity by decreasing the footpad thickness response to sheep RBCs in sensitized mice. With a dose of 100 and 150 mg/kg/day the DTH response was 7.66 ± 2.75 and 6.41 ± 1.21 respectively in comparison to corresponding value of 14.50 ± 2.38 for untreated control group. These differences in DTH response were statistically significant (P < 0.05). The study demonstrates that MLL shows preferential suppression of the components of cell-mediated immunity and shows no effect on the humoral immunity.
Chitra Devi Venkatachalam,Sarath Sekar,Sathish Raam Ravichandran,Mothil Sengottian,Karthikeyan Chinnusamy Sukumar,Dhinakar Chenniappan,Gnana Aravindh Ramachandran 대한환경공학회 2023 Environmental Engineering Research Vol.28 No.3
The rising demand for cleaner energy among the nations has turned the focus from fossil fuel-based energy sources to renewables like biomass, solar, wind, etc. Biomass conversion to fuel has increased research in recent times due to its ease and availability throughout the year. Hydrothermal liquefaction is the process where biomass converts to a liquid product via complex reaction mechanisms. This review aims to summarize the hydrothermal liquefaction of algal biomass and the improvements in the bio-crude yield using heterogeneous and homogenous catalysts. Many references have been reviewed to provide the sources for the process and have been critically well structured. This review also provided information regarding the reaction pathway for algal biomass and the effects of process parameters like temperature, residence time, pH, etc. The focus of the review is on the effects of various catalysts based on their dosage whose results collected from various sources have been tabulated. The review briefly discusses the applications of products formed during hydrothermal liquefaction after post-processing.