Correlating Structural Changes and Gas Evolution during the Thermal Decomposition of Charged Li_<i>x</i>Ni_0.8Co_0.15Al_0.05O₂ Cathode Materials

Bak, Seong-Min,Nam, Kyung-Wan,Chang, Wonyoung,Yu, Xiqian,Hu, Enyuan,Hwang, Sooyeon,Stach, Eric A.,Kim, Kwang-Bum,Chung, Kyung Yoon,Yang, Xiao-Qing American Chemical Society 2013 Chemistry of materials Vol.25 No.3

<P>In this work, we present results from the application of a new in situ technique that combines time-resolved synchrotron X-ray diffraction and mass spectroscopy. We exploit this approach to provide direct correlation between structural changes and the evolution of gas that occurs during the thermal decomposition of (over)charged cathode materials used in lithium-ion batteries. Results from charged Li<SUB><I>x</I></SUB>Ni<SUB>0.8</SUB>Co<SUB>0.15</SUB>Al<SUB>0.05</SUB>O<SUB>2</SUB> cathode materials indicate that the evolution of both O<SUB>2</SUB> and CO<SUB>2</SUB> gases are strongly related to phase transitions that occur during thermal decomposition, specifically from the layered structure (space group <I>R</I>3̅<I>m</I>) to the disordered spinel structure (<I>Fd</I>3̅<I>m</I>), and finally to the rock-salt structure (<I>Fm</I>3̅<I>m</I>). The state of charge also significantly affects both the structural changes and the evolution of oxygen as the temperature increases: the more extensive the charge, the lower the temperature of the phase transitions and the larger the oxygen release. Ex situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) are also utilized to investigate the local structural and valence state changes in Ni and Co ions, and to characterize microscopic morphology changes. The combination of these advanced tools provides a unique approach to study fundamental aspects of the dynamic physical and chemical changes that occur during thermal decomposition of charged cathode materials in a systematic way.</P><P><B>Graphic Abstract</B> <IMG SRC='http://pubs.acs.org/appl/literatum/publisher/achs/journals/content/cmatex/2013/cmatex.2013.25.issue-3/cm303096e/production/images/medium/cm-2012-03096e_0014.gif'></P><P><A href='http://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/cm303096e'>ACS Electronic Supporting Info</A></P>

전방 추체간 유합술 및 후방 고정술시 추간 판 및 추간 공 높이의 변화

전창훈,김용찬,정남수 대한척추외과학회 2003 대한척추외과학회지 Vol.10 No.3

축냉재 포접화합물의 열물성에 관한 실험적 연구 (IV) : 온도 변화 Changing of Temperature

고광옥,임재경,김창오,김진홍,정낙규,하옥남 조선대학교 에너지.자원신기술연구소 2000 에너지·자원신기술연구소 논문지 Vol.22 No.2

The objective of this paper is to investingate the thermal properties of TMA-clathrate applicable to cold storage system for building air-conditioning in order to use energy reasonably. Especially, the test tube experiments are performed by comparing and to analyzing the temperature of phase change, specific heat and subcooling characteristic according to the variation of concentrations and temperature of heat source in TMA clathrate. The result are summarized as follows; 1) temperature of phase change is dropped as the temperature of heat source is lower 2) specific heat of TMA-clathrate is about 24~95 % of pure-water 3) subcooling is smalled as the temperature of heat source is lower. Thus, it apears that TMA-clathrate has thermal properties as the cold storage medium for residential air-conditioning

林土의 有機物의 分解速度와 無機養料의 垂直分布에 關한 考察

金遵敏,張楠基,鄭玩鎬 서울대학교 교육대학원 학술연구회 1966 論文集 - 서울대학교 교육대학원 Vol.3 No.-

Kim Choon Min, Chang Nam Kee and Chung Whan Ho: Decomposition rate of plant residue and the vertical distibution of mineral nutrients in the woodland soil. The relationship between decomposition rate of litter and the amount of mineral nutrients dispersed to the soil horizons were studied on the oak and pine forest stand. The results are as follows: 1. Decomposition rate of litter was highest in the F horizon of the oak stand, however in the pine stand it was highest in H horizon. 2. The correlation coefficients between decomposition rate and humus, organic carbon, moisture content, calcium, phosphorus, and nitrogen in the pine stand are; 0.90, 0.98, 0.76, 0.98, and 0.88, in oak stand; 0.97, 0.93, 0.92, 0.97, 0.74 and 0.73. 3. Factors which affect the decomposition rate of litter are humus, organic carbon, moisture content, calcium, phosphorus and nitrogen. 4. Among the variables, PH, moisture content and phosphorus under the oak and pine forest showed significant differences in each horizon. 5. C/N ratio of pine stands is higher than that of oak stands studied. 6. The vertical distribution of mineral nutrients is highly related with the amount of humus accumulated on top soil.

적응적인 웹 사이트 설계를 위한 퍼지인식도 시뮬레이션에 관한 연구

이건창(Kun Chang Lee),정남호(Nam Ho Chung) 한국경영학회 2001 經營學硏究 Vol.30 No.2

As the main stream of electronic commerce changes from B2C to B2B, the importance of a strategic web site design is being recognized more than ever. In this sense, this study proposes a new approach to an adaptive design of the web site by using the stratified fuzzy cognitive map (FCM). Its main virtue lies in capability of changing specific components on the web site with its subsequent effects upon other components being objectively considered. By doing so, we can maintain total effectiveness of the website design. This advantage of the proposed approach can be compared with the traditional approach where the web site design has been changed without paying a due attention to the related components. We gathered 134 questionnaire responses. By analysing the questionnaire results, the causal weights of the FCM were computed objectively. Then the FCM was transformed into a stratified FCM by using Lee & Cho (1998)`s approach. On the basis of the stratified FCM and four scenarios, we performed web site design simulation. The simulation results showed that the proposed approach could be used effectively for analyzing the web site design in an adaptive manner when the market situation is changing.

Interferon-γ Inhibits in vitro Mobilization of Eosinophils by Interleukin-5

Park, Choon-Sik,Choi, Eun Nam,Kim, Jung Sun,Choi, Yun Sung,Rhim, Tai Youn,Chang, Hun Soo,Chung, Il Yup S. Karger AG 2005 International archives of allergy and immunology Vol.136 No.3

<P><I>Background:</I> Th2 cytokines play pivotal roles in allergic inflammation, including eosinophilia, and their actions are antagonized by Th1 cytokines, conferring them therapeutic potential. <I>Methods:</I> In this study, we examined the ability of a number of cytokines to suppress the activation of eosinophils that function as effector cells for allergic airway diseases. <I>Results:</I> Interleukin (IL)-5, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) induced an eosinophil shape change, whereas interferon (IFN)-γ significantly inhibited the shape change. Other cytokines, including IL-1β, IL-4, IL-10 and IL-13, had little or only slightly enhancing or reducing effects on the shape change. We further analyzed the IFN-γ effect, showing that pretreatment with IFN-γ strongly suppressed IL-5-induced eosinophil shape change, and cycloheximide (CHX) abrogated the suppression by IFN-γ, suggesting that new protein synthesis is required for the inhibitory effect by this cytokine. In agreement with these results, IFN-γ blocked the eosinophil migration and ERK phophorylation induced by IL-5, and the addition of CHX restored eosinophil chemotaxis. <I>Conclusions:</I> Collectively, IFN-γ may attenuate eosinophilic inflammation by directly negating eosinophil mobilization.</P><P>Copyright © 2005 S. Karger AG, Basel</P>

Endoscopy and Imaging Modalities/Basic Science of Gastrointestinal Disorders/Miscellaneous : Changing Pattern Of Digestive And Liver Disease In Korea, 1990-2006 Year; A Single Center Study

( Jung Hyun Kwon ),( Sang Woo Kim ),( In Sik Chung ),( Myung Gyu Choi ),( Kwan Woo Nam ),( Jung Pil Suh ),( Jae Hyuck Chang ),( Won Haing Hur ),( Yu Kyung Cho ),( Jae Myung Park ),( In Seok Lee ) 대한소화기학회 2007 SIDDS Vol.9 No.-

Background/Aims: Westernization in many Asian countries have changed lifestyles and diets, so once rare diseases have now become prevalent. The aim of this study is to investigate the changing pattern of digestive and liver disease in Korea, from 1990 to 2006. Methods: We extracted data specific gastrointestina (GI) disease based on the International Classification of Diseases code from the in-patients records at the Kangnam St. Mary`s Hospital in 1990, 1996 and 2006. This hospital is a tertiary-care hospital in Seoul, Korea, which has a capacity of 800 beds. Results: The admission rate for GI disease increased between 1990 and 2006. Overall in-patients were 1,623 persons in 1990, 2,368 persons in 1996 and 4,166 persons in 2006. The mean age of in-patients increased as time went by. A stomach cancer was the most common diagnosis during all periods, but its prevalence has decreased. Colon cancer ranked the 7th in 1990, but markedly increased and now ranks the second. The third was a hepatocellular carcinoma. The bile duct and gallbladder cancer, pancreas and esophageal cancer ranking followed with little interval change. In cases of cancer patients, a regular admission dramatically increased for chemotherapy. The number of patients admitted with pre-malignant neoplasm of stomach and colon increased remarkably with the development of endoscopy. The liver transplant, inflammatory bowel discase, and reflux esophagitis emerged form mid-1990s with greater frequencies, yet much below the levels found in the West. The admission rate for peptic ulcer, especially ulcer bleeding remained relatively stable, despite a decreased rate for ulcer perforation. Liver cirrhosis, hepatitis, cholelithiasis with cholecystitis-cholangitis, appendicitis, hemorrhoid and gastritis all decreased. Conclusions: The stomach cancer is the leading cause of admission, despite a recent decline. Colon cancer showed a marked rise. The liver transplant, inflammatory bowel disease and reflux esophagitis were new diagnosis with an increased tendency.

Ralph Waldo Emerson의 이원적(二元的)이해 : 생애와 작품을 중심하여

張正男 서울여자대학교 1978 서울여자대학논문집 Vol.- No.7

19세기 중엽 뉴 잉그런드(New England)의 작가군들, 특히 그 중에서도 콘코드(Concord)마을을 중심한 초월주의 사상과 작가군(Concord intellectuals)들의 가장 큰 관심거리는 살아가는 현실속에서 어떻게 영혼의 실체를 갈구할 수 있는가? 하는 문제였다. 생명을 존속시켜 나가는 일은 "사물의 법칙"(law for thing)을 따르는 일이요, 마음의 소리 마음의 갈구를 따르는 일은 모든 사물의 원칙 - 생ㆍ성장ㆍ사(죽음)- 의 굴레와 그 영광을 과감히 끊고, 그 규범을 초절하여 "인간의 법칙" (law for man)을 따라 용기있게 잠자는 영혼을 깨우는 일이라고 초월주의 작가군들은 굳게 믿고 있었다. 영혼의 소리와 삶의 현실이라는 생의 이원적 진리(물ㆍ심 양면)는 당시의 청교사회의 중심인 성서에서 뿐만아니라, 동ㆍ서양을 막론하고 고래로, 용기와 순종, 교훈과 쾌락, 개인과 사회, 야성과 문화, 내용과 형식, 자유와 운명같은 대립적 사상을 키워왔고, 그 대립성과 융화의 문제가 많은 사상가들을 궁지로 몰은 장본인이었으며, 미국적 희망과 자유사상의 큰 길(大路)을 터놓은 거인 에더슨의 생애도 결국은 하나일 수 밖에 없는 이 이원적 진리의 희생자(victim)의 생애였다고 할 수 있겠다.

녹농균 외독소에 반응하는 단일클론항체의 생산과 특성

정용훈,조양자,박장환,한왕수,김광남 한양대학교 의과대학 1991 한양의대 학술지 Vol.11 No.2

Exotoxin A from Pseudomonas aeruginosa is known to be the most lethal and the most extensively studied product among its virulence factors. Hybridomas secreting monoclonal antibodies against exotoxin A from Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA 103 were derived from the fusion of myeloma cell with spleen cells from mice immunized with purified exotoxin A. Total of 582 hybridomas were screened and selected by using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Among these 39 clones positive for binding to exotoxin A were obtained and fusion-specific efficiency was turned out to be 6.7%. All antibody isotypes were represented (immunoglobulins G, and M) as determined by sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Hybridomas were selected and cloned by limiting dilution and agarose methods, obtaining 1 IgG? and 11IgG? clones. The specificity of the monoclonal andtidodies for exotoxin A was demonstrated by the immunoblotting technique. They bound 66kilodalton (KDa) exotoxin band and 45KDa fragment B portion. The protective ability of anti-exotoxin A monoclonal antibody was demonstrated in vitro by toxin neutralization. Ascitic fluid of monoclonal antibody producing hybridoma was able to neutralize at maximum 100 dilution to CHO cell cytotoxicity by 2ng of Pseudomonas ceruginosa exotoxin A and 60% increase in survival rate has been obtained through passive immunization by using anti-exotoxin A monoclonal antibody (IgG?) in mice injected 300ng of exotoxin A. And its in vivo and in vitro protective activities were appeared to reside in tis selective affinity and specificity to fragment B of Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A.

말/글의 불가피성 : 말하기와 글쓰기 -고발로서의 말/글(문학)이론 A Theory of Relation(Saying/Writing)as an Indictment

장정남 남서울대학교 인문사회과학연구센터 1999 인문사회연구 Vol.1 No.-

Face/Off, as a video movie title suggestrs, is the age in which we live. The postmoderns as we are now officially entitled most effectively work in this offstaged shades of distance of signs and iconic images as returned-as-the-redefined-selves social agents through the Homi Bhabhaian process of individuation. We, the post-moderns, laugh in the Face (world of presence) but mostly in the Off (Absence/Distance/Depths) we think, make, and achieve in the way we are made. Officially true in the presence of evidence implicates the fact that we have a plan to achieve in the Face/Off both successfully. It is very easy to say that we work and behave in the depth as we live along in the world of simulacra (earthly images). We are Tangiers, temporal/spatial beings of politics rather than people of "Casablanca," men of truth/eternity. Before we have recently been through two worlds of deceptions/promises, of delusions/illusions, of absence/traces, and of glimmers/glimpses we have no choice but to taciturnly stand and taste them in the hope of full complition in the world of ideas. This is to be the modern anticipation of Truth/truths represented in the ideas. This anticipation of truth(s) realizing in the binary pairs of oppositions (ideas/simulacra) causes to fail in the making of our postmodern world the place of the complete One where the postmoderns think what they empirically grasp now is everything they can rely on as firm ground. It is because realm of ideas, the subjective world, in which the moderns had mostly been engrossed is now no longer of the postmodern concern. What is only to be rendered in the concrete, emprical form of language (G. B. Madison) and social action (Richard Rorty) in the various forms of civic engagement in "achievinbg a nation" (a form of nationalism) can be true and useful. The abrupt chronological juncture(s)-on/rupture(s)-off and the inevitable terms of relation of these two modern/post-modern periods we are now facing through onto the facing-off (invisible) depths of signs and signification are therefore the main concerns of this writing. But we, post-moderns as well as moderns, now live in an "on-and-off," as said right above, continuum with junctures/ruptures from rather comparatively simple modern era of dual worlds (phenomena/ideas) onto the post-modern "site" of system of signs and advertizing. Therefore, this paper naturally starts in the Nietzschean "impulse to the Truth" to reach the One (the "Leaf") through policy of "forgetting" (a strategy of eternalizing as well as naturalizing) the differences and the repetitions of the "real" leaves in this modern phenomenal world. As a matter of fact moderns have been so far too much engaged in/concerned with the seizure of the high up in the mind (the subjectivity) in the language of metaphysics which appears to be barely traceable but mostly illusive/elusive. They also, for their neglect of/disregard of the empirical/the pragmatic reality in this world through their usual inattention to and insensitivity in this area, paid too much in the form of this abrupt/ruptured confrontation of current world of material fruition. This modernistic tendency of their having been engrossed in the subjective world ("Who/What am I in this world?") as well caused them to be in their pursuit of happiness in the world too ideal/too abstract for a real one. Therfore this obsession with the subjective world has naturally been their life tendency, their education, and the trademark of their daily mode of thought and inquiry of almost every line or area in western culture/civilization. These binary pairs of Here/There, presence/absence, body/mind, substance/idea, object/subject, men/God, world/Heaven, etc. made even philosophers in these eras spent mostly in vain most of their precious time for the trace (exploration in a sense) of the real nature of Being in the world. But out of these dialectical oppositions they have fished for this realm of ideas almost nothing substantial within the graspable entities needed and useful for the construction of historical/social/cultural sites for the concrete (in the sense of "real") gratification/happiness of our life. As we all know Nietzschean renunciation ("God is dead.") of idealism has long been suggested; the newly unified one (the dialectic) out of the pairs is now no more real/true than the world of ideas in these post-modern days. Whether real/true or not now the modernistic "impulse to the Truth (One)" out of the incomplete Other "forgetting" the real differences (Nietzsche) is the case for the moderns to say/write about terms of happier life. For example, women of thought/action so far incessantly voiced for their places proper in the men centered society (feminism). Pains of colored slaves in this weird environmental society of gene have been talked and related in the form of black experiences (Afro-American criticism). Cultures and awareness of the alienated ethnic groups marginally situated in the economic/political society of production and class struggle has been commented and alluded to with new/fresh insights and distinction (Marxism; Deconmstruction; Ethnic and Minority Studies). Aids groups, homosexuals, and lesbians have been spotted and understood with reasons (Gender Studies). These all are surely the cases for record/ relation. "Good mother good wife" should be recoverd from its shades of distance by efforts of naturalizing its state of marginality into equally right and original position in thw world of patriachs: men are now said /written to be in the same degree "good father good husband." Loyalty in (feudal) kingdoms should be now flattened into the relation/record of justice first. Nature (Here) is said according to Emerson to be the dial plate of the invisible there. Colored water flows in colored stream. The "Truebloosd" episode in Ellison's Invisible Man is the case of recording/relating terms of black people and their life and libidinal sexual desires in their time of hardship and poverty (especially winter time of hunger and night sleep) in their weird/strange environment of gene in America. All these though just a few here should be talked (they are told now) and written in any cases and instances. They cannot be hidden and covered; they shouldn't be off. The inevitability of sounds and words for completion/for recovery in modern times is commensurate/compatible with the "impulse to the Truth" in the sense that the other/the incomplete/the marginal aspires for the One/the Complete/the Center realizing. But this paper is at utmost to focus on the postmodern terms of inevitability of record/ relation. Most "we," as we now experience, are now phasing on through two quite ruptured, socalled "on-and-off" epochs of differences and repetition in the strangest mode of fluxes of influences. Developed and grown out of the most seriously "lived" and "framed" essences in modern mode of experience and education they cannot be flowed smoothly beyond into the postmodern era. They appears set inbetween the two seemingly different epochs of chronological connection but in content ruptured in many ways being agape a wide gulp junctures/ruptures of norms and thoughts. Sudden swift of thinking paradigm caused socalled "postmodernity" to be located in such concepts as "agent," "Return of the Self as an agent," "process of individuation," a "body" (of materiality for cuts of arbitary shapes), "depths," "construction," "E/A play" as in Derrida's "Differance," "machines," and readoption of "Catastrophy Theory," etc.. This postmodernit surely is not a natural cultural/ historical/social development front/out of the right-before existing modernity. The students' uprising in Paris in May, '68 are said to be the beginning of the era but it is more right, I think, to say that the May, '68 is the beginning of the abrupt historical/social movement of disrupted ruptures off away from the natural development of history. The magazine Tel Quel, and writings by Derrida, Kristeva, Deleuze, Baudrillard, and other post-modern theorists are the proofs of this that they thought/wrote quite differently within the same century. What made them think/say/write/behave dissimilarly in a totally diagonal position against those of the moderns is the key to the entry into/understanding of the postmodern situation. The sites of signs and advertising mostly for food and existence appear to be of most important concerns to the postmoderns; but instead the place of ideas regarded as the most important to the moderns was illusive/elusive first and was no real solution for the social/individual affluence next. Withinus there surely is the "impulse to the Truth" but it costs a fate for human beings to be near it. Besides there are more current/urgent things to be done first. People on earth multiply. Except the infinite yet to be explored we have this finite space only called earth to live in. And each individual has each world within him:social/cultural communication needs patterns and paradigmatic systems of signs for the patterns. In sites where people crowd/group for a culture social/political, signs and advertising most congenial to their tastes and ideology (ideology is just a way for thoughts as capital/power is a form of thought) become the subjects of vital concerns. Human beings are now becoming nearly no more than a form of signs and advertising in these days (Baudrillard) as a result of reification. Products, customers, and advertising talk; talk each other as we talk in our social/political scenes. Products/customer/advertising are also the subjects of identity each being a distinct one per so in its own domain/dimension mostly with whom sites of the postmodern construction, whatever/however their constructive character varies, are forming according to their social/cultural/political/religious, etc., schemeta. The success of which entirely depends upon its social activators activating as "individuated" agents (Bhabha). The products/customers/advertising are Tangiers only for a temporal purpose:social activators are prescribed/tailored as "machines" (Deleuze) of whatever sorts for the "design" (i.e. the social schemata). They are a flock of birds in a sense for a purpose. They do whatever they are told (which is to be told in a detour way) loyally with their own professional capacity skilled/disciplined in their disciplinary society where they should watch/measure their degree of success of themselves. They are rewarded in many forms for their selection/for their achievement each, for example, in the form of "ephemeral grastification," a vision of excretion as well as in the secure form of food (subsistence) and existence (social status). "Elected" means their being one of them in that disciplinary society where each are checking himself accroding to their rules and schemata over his degree of success/over his behaving well as a role model as well as his efficiency as a role function. But all these acts of being "rewarded," "activated," and "elected" are just men of social identity/position as others are; in the Off (Distance) they are displaced into an order-ranged system of "machines," a hierarchy. Interreciprocity among the "machines" is not like that among bosses/workers in modern times. Since they are "individuated" Selves returned as agents the Face doesn't tell anything of the Off. According to Bhabha every subject experiences in society crucial moment of "displacement," a crucial moment of inclusion/exclusion when "each subject's process of individuation occurs . . . by those elementrs of social 'consciousness' imperative for agency, . . . The individuation of the agent occurs in a moment of displacement, the moment of the subject's individuation [emerging] as an effect of the intersubjective--as the return of the subject as agent." This post-modern situation caused by "individuation process . . . by elements of social 'consciousness' imperative for agency" naturally requires record/relation prerequisite for each subject's standing of the severity of social transformation. Each social subject has to have his choice of "displacement" with reasons. They are recorded and related in full scope and range. The construction of "Truth" which is to be real for the postmoderns is another case: it should not be confused with the construction of culture/history/society. Culture, history, and society are regional, limited, and contingent concepts of spatiality and temporaity. Whether the postmodernity is basically contingent, spatial, temporal or all covering or not is first clarified in words/sounds according to terms of its concept. it should not be for political and historical domination. The "E/A" play in Derrida's "Difference" is also of vital case. It should be accounted for as a metaphysical understanding of why the "prosaic" life of all human being appears so obscurely complex and complicated in incidents first which later become definitely and necessarily interrelated at the time of death. Therefore the "E/A" play is the case for relation that it is not originally intended for the political manipulation of the "differing" and "deferring" fate of human lives as intimated obliquely in E-mart and E-channel. "Frequent analogies to contemporary mathematical theory, especially the theory of catastrophe or chaos" are definitely the incident for record/relation. And concepts such as "machines," and "limits," "boundaries," "threshold" for the explanation of the social "flow" or "overflow" in post-modern writings and many others are also evidently the cases for record/relation mainly for their own inevitable situation(s) of words/sounds.