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Exposure of the Population in the United States to Ionizing Radiation
Carter, Melvin W.,Oliver, Robert W. 대한방사선 방어학회 1987 방사선방어학회지 Vol.12 No.2
The exposure of the population in the United States to ionizing radiation has recently been evaluated by the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP). This was done by constituting six organizational groups to address various phases of the work and the results of this work are summarized in this article. The article is based on the report, by the same title. which is scheduled for publication by the NCRP in September, 1987. The six organizational groups are titled Radiation Exposure from Consumer Products, Natural Background Radiation, Radiation Associated with Medical Examinations, Radiation Received by Radiation Employees, Public Exposure from Nuclear Power, and Exposure from Miscellaneous Environmental Sources. These titles are descriptive of the subject areas covered by each of these separate groups. The data evaluated are for the years 1977-1984 with the majority of the data being for the period 1980-1982. Summary information is presented and discussed for the number of people exposed to given sources, the effective dose equivalent, the average effective dose equivalent to the U.S. population. and the genetically significant dose equivalent. The average annual effective dose equivalent from all sources to the U.S. population is approximately 3.6 mSv (360 mrem). Exposures to natural sources make the largest contribution to this total. Radon and radon decay products contribute 2.0 mSv (200 mrem) whereas the other naturally occurring radionuclides contribute 1.0 mSv (100 mrem). Among man-made or enhanced sources, medical exposures make the largest additional contributions, namely 0.39 mSv (39 mrem) for diagnosis and 0.14 mSv (14 mrem) for nuclear medicine. It was not possible to evaluate exposures for therapy. Most of the other sources of population exposure, including nuclear power and consumer products, are minor. A possible exception would be the use of tobacco products. These exposures are discussed in relation to a negligible individual risk level of 10 μSv/y (1 mrem/y). The NCRP considers exposures below the negligible individual risk level as trivial and as such should be dismissed.
Regime Dynamics in North Korea : An European Perspective
Carter, Aidan Foster Yonsei University Press 1998 Understanding Regime Dynamics in North Korea Vol.3 No.1
This paper has three parts. The first consists of reflections on the task set upon me, which was to offer a specifically European perspective on North Korea. The second gives a sketchy and doubtless incomplete guide to some work on North Korea done in Europe. The third offers my own views on North Korean regime dynamics, and also on how they might be nudged in a more positive direction. One of the letters of invitation says "people here are expecting to see an exchange of serious individual opinions and heated debate in our conference." I have tried to do my best on both counts in what follows.
EFFICIENCY WAGES AND INTERNATIONAL FACTOR MOBILITY
CARTER, THOMAS J. 한국국제경제학회 1993 International Economic Journal Vol.7 No.1
This paper incorporates efficiency wages into the Heckscher-Ohlin model. The capital intensive sector pays higher wages than the other sector. One result is that tariffs to attract capital increase welfare by increasing the quality, not quantity, of jobs available. However, there are distributional effects among laborers. Some see an increase in wages, others become uncmployed. The paper also investigates policies in the presence of illegal immigration. If immigration cannot be limited, a high wage country is best served by a capital outflow that eliminates the incentive for the labor inflow. Again, there are distributional effects among the workers. [F20]
Carter, D. A.,Donohue, J. A. 한국부식학회 1974 Corrosion Science and Technology Vol.3 No.1
Conling waiter treatments have been updated and improved during the last few years. Particularly important are the nontoxic programs which conform plant cooling water effluents to local water quality standards without expenditures for capital equipment. The relationship between scaling and corrosion in natural waters has been recognized for many years. This relationship is the basis for the Langelier Saturation Index control method which was once widely applied to reduce corrosion in cooling water systems. It used solubility characteristics to maintain a very thin deposit on metal surfaces for preventing corrosion. This technique was rarely successful. That is, the solubility of calcium carbonate and most other inorganic salts depends on temperature. If good control exists on cold surfaces, excessive deposition results on the heat transfer tubes. Also, because water characteristics normally vary in a typical cooling system, precise control of scaling at both hot and cold surfaces is virtually impossible. Acceptable control of corrosion and scaling can now be accomplished using treatments containing no chromate or zinc. One such treatment program, based on phosphates in combination with phosphonates and organics, has proven its effectiveness in many industrial systems. Others, bassed on phosphonates without phosphates, can be used successfully in air conditioning' systems. More recent treatments with polymeric compounds may eventually eliminate phosphorus-containing treatments, and thereby satisfy further pollution standards.
Carter, Michael W.,Johnson, Kathia M.,Lee, Jun Yeon,Hulsebosch, Claire E.,Gwak, Young Seob The Korean Pain Society 2016 The Korean Journal of Pain Vol.29 No.2
Background: The present study was designed to examine the functional recovery following spinal cord injury (SCI) by adjusting the parameters of impact force and dwell-time using the Infinite Horizon (IH) impactor device. Methods: Sprague-Dawley rats (225-240 g) were divided into eight injury groups based on force of injury (Kdyn) and dwell time (seconds), indicated as Force-Dwell time: 150-4, 150-3, 150-2, 150-1, 150-0, 200-0, 90-2 and sham controls, respectively. Results: After T10 SCI, higher injury force produced greater spinal cord displacement (P < 0.05) and showed a significant correlation (r = 0.813) between the displacement and the force (P < 0.05). In neuropathic pain-like behavior, the percent of paw withdrawals scores in the hindpaw for the 150-4, 150-3, 150-2, 150-1 and the 200-0 injury groups were significantly lowered compared with sham controls (P < 0.05). The recovery of locomotion had a significant within-subjects effect of time (P < 0.05) and the 150-0 group had increased recovery compared to other groups (P < 0.05). In addition, the 200-0 and the 90-2 recovered significantly better than all the 150 kdyn impact groups that included a dwell-time (P < 0.05). In recovery of spontaneous bladder function, the 150-4 injury group took significantly longer recovery time whereas the 150-0 and the 90-2 groups had the shortest recovery times. Conclusions: The present study demonstrates SCI parameters optimize development of mechanical allodynia and other pathological outcomes.