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수정란이식에 의한 우 ( 牛 )의 쌍태유기에 관한 연구 2 . 다배란처리의 반복이 난소반응과 수정란의 발달에 미치는 영향
정길생,박흠대,노환철,Richard A . Carmichael ( K . S . Chung,H . D . Park,H . C . Rho,Richard A . Carmichael ) 한국축산학회 1983 한국축산학회지 Vol.25 No.4
These experiments were carried out to clarify the effect of repeated superovulation in cattle on ovarian response and in vivo development of fertilized ova. Each cattle was repeatedly superovulated five times with the mixture of FSH and LH, and the growth of follicle, ovulation rate, the recovery rate of ovulated ova and in vivo development of fertilized ova following repeated superovulation were investigated. The results obtained were summarized as follows: 1. The numbers of mature follicles per cow following 1st and 5th superovulation were 20.7±8.60 and 13.6±3.64, respectively, showing the significant decrease (P$lt;0.05) in number of follicle growth with repeated hormone treatment for superovulation. 2. The percentage of ruptured follicles to the mature follicles was ranged 80.0 to 95.2%. No significant differences due to the treatment order were observed. 3. The numbers of ova recovered by non-surgical technique was ranged 60.8 to 64.5% to the number of functional corpus luteum and no significant differences were observed among treatments. The same was true for the percentage of normal embryo, which was ranged 69.5 to 72.8%.
Huang, Min,Carmichael, Gregory R.,Pierce, R. Bradley,Jo, Duseong S.,Park, Rokjin J.,Flemming, Johannes,Emmons, Louisa K.,Bowman, Kevin W.,Henze, Daven K.,Davila, Yanko,Sudo, Kengo,Jonson, Jan Eiof,Lun European Geophysical Society 2017 Atmospheric chemistry and physics Vol.17 No.9
<P>The recent update on the US National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) of the ground-level ozone (O<SUB>3</SUB>/ can benefit from a better understanding of its source contributions in different US regions during recent years. In the Hemispheric Transport of Air Pollution experiment phase 1 (HTAP1), various global models were used to determine the O<SUB>3</SUB> source–receptor (SR) relationships among three continents in the Northern Hemisphere in 2001. In support of the HTAP phase 2 (HTAP2) experiment that studies more recent years and involves higher-resolution global models and regional models’ participation, we conduct a number of regional-scale Sulfur Transport and dEposition Model (STEM) air quality base and sensitivity simulations over North America during May–June 2010. STEM’s top and lateral chemical boundary conditions were downscaled from three global chemical transport models’ (i.e., GEOS-Chem, RAQMS, and ECMWF C-IFS) base and sensitivity simulations in which the East Asian (EAS) anthropogenic emissions were reduced by 20 %. The mean differences between STEM surface O<SUB>3</SUB> sensitivities to the emission changes and its corresponding boundary condition model’s are smaller than those among its boundary condition models, in terms of the regional/period-mean (<10 %) and the spatial distributions. An additional STEM simulation was performed in which the boundary conditions were downscaled from a RAQMS (Realtime Air Quality Modeling System) simulation without EAS anthropogenic emissions. The scalability of O<SUB>3</SUB> sensitivities to the size of the emission perturbation is spatially varying, and the full (i.e., based on a 100% emission reduction) source contribution obtained from linearly scaling the North American mean O<SUB>3</SUB> sensitivities to a 20% reduction in the EAS anthropogenic emissions may be underestimated by at least 10 %. The three boundary condition models’ mean O<SUB>3</SUB> sensitivities to the 20% EAS emission perturbations are ~8% (May–June 2010)/~11% (2010 annual) lower than those estimated by eight global models, and the multi-model ensemble estimates are higher than the HTAP1 reported 2001 conditions. GEOS-Chem sensitivities indicate that the EAS anthropogenic NO<SUB><I>x</I></SUB> emissions matter more than the other EAS O<SUB>3</SUB> precursors to the North American O<SUB>3</SUB>, qualitatively consistent with previous adjoint sensitivity calculations.</P><P>In addition to the analyses on large spatial–temporal scales relative to the HTAP1, we also show results on subcontinental and event scales that are more relevant to the US air quality management. The EAS pollution impacts are weaker during observed O<SUB>3</SUB> exceedances than on all days in most US regions except over some high-terrain western US rural/remote areas. Satellite O<SUB>3</SUB> (TES, JPL–IASI, and AIRS) and carbon monoxide (TES and AIRS) products, along with surface measurements and model calculations, show that during certain episodes stratospheric O<SUB>3</SUB> intrusions and the transported EAS pollution influenced O<SUB>3</SUB> in the western and the eastern US differently. Free-running (i.e., without chemical data assimilation) global models underpredicted the transported background O<SUB>3</SUB> during these episodes, posing difficulties for STEM to accurately simulate the surface O<SUB>3</SUB> and its source contribution. Although we effectively improved the modeled O<SUB>3</SUB> by incorporating satellite O<SUB>3</SUB> (OMI and MLS) and evaluated the quality of the HTAP2 emission inventory with the Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute–Ozone Monitoring Instrument (KNMI–OMI) nitrogen dioxide, using observations to evaluate and improve O<SUB>3</SUB> source attribution still remains to be further explored.</P>
Influence of continental outflow events on the aerosol composition at Cheju Island,South Korea
Park, John K.,Arimoto, Richard,Savoie, Dennis,Carmichael, Gregory R,Prospero, Joseph,Hong, Min-Sun,Ueda, Hiromasa,Murano, Kentaro,Chen, Li-Ling,Kim, Y. P.,Shim, Shang,Lee, Ho-geun,Song, Chul H.,Kang, 濟州大學校 基礎科學硏究所 1998 基礎科學硏究 Vol.11 No.1
The chemical composition of aerosols measured at Cheju Island, Korea, over the 3-year period March 1992 to February 1995 are presented and discussed, with a particular emphasis on the Pacific Exploratory Mission in the Western Pacific (PEM-West B) time period. Cheju Island is under the influence of continental outflow conditions nearly 70% of the year, and as a result the aerosol loading of sea salt as well as continental aerosol components is high. The 3-year mean values derived from the daily tape filters are non-sea-salt (nss) SO₄²?=6.8㎍/㎥, NO₃?=1.2㎍/㎥, Cl??=1.9㎍/㎥, Na+=1.7㎍/㎥, Ca²?=0.5㎍/㎥, NH₄?=1.3㎍/㎥, Mg²?=0.3㎍/㎥, and K+=0.4㎍/㎥. Sea-salt components show peak values in winter, while calcium, nitrate, potassium, and to a lesser extent, sulfate and ammonium, show higher values in the spring, and all species exhibit a pronounced minimum in summer. Trajectory and principal component analysis show that elevated levels of primary aerosols (both sea salt and soil-derived) occur with strong wind conditions associated with winter and spring, and high concentrations of non-sea-salt components are most strongly associated with springtime continental outflow events. During the PEM-West B period, nitrate and calcium are found to be ∼60% higher than the annual mean, sea-salt components ∼30% higher, and sulfate ∼10% higher. The aerosol data are combined with gaseous SO₂ concentrations, precipitation chemistry data and companion aerosol measurements taken at the same site, to provide further insights into the aerosol composition at Cheju. At Cheju, sulfate and ammonium are found mostly in the fine fraction (∼80 to 90%), while calcium and nitrate reside in the coarse size fraction. sulfate and nitrate are not associated with the primary aerosols, but rather become associated with the aerosol during the long-range transport process.