Pipeline Politics between Europe and Russia: A Historical Review from the Cold War to the Post-Cold War

CONNOLLY DANIEL PHILLIP,이재승 한국국제정치학회 2016 The Korean Journal of International Studies Vol.14 No.1

This paper conducts a historical survey of bilateral energy transactions during the Cold War and the early years of the post-Cold War period to uncover the origins of today’s pipeline politics between Europe and Russia. Gas pipelines from Russia to Europe are doubly perceived as a symbol of Russia’s status as an energy superpower and Europe’s dependence on Russian supply. Fears of a Soviet/Russian ‘energy weapon’ date back to the beginning of East-West energy transactions, but the concept always has been of limited utility. A historical analysis of East-West energy transactions reveals that Russia’s energy weapon is a complicated and multifaceted phenomenon. Cold War pipeline projects were institutions reflecting the aligned economic interests of Soviet and European policymakers, as well as their shared norms on how international energy flows should be organized and maintained. The post-Cold War period was marked by continuity as well as divergence. Western technology and capital remained a crucial factor in sustaining and expanding Russian energy infrastructure, but the new geopolitical landscape unleashed deeprooted issues of pricing, transit, and ownership among former CMEA countries. Attempts to reprogram pipeline governance on the basis of the Energy Charter Treaty have not been successful. Pipeline politics will continue to be tumultuous but are expected to remain bounded by historically-rooted interdependencies. Both sides can profit from their ongoing relationship, even though they respectively complain about a lack of energy security or demand security. Furthermore, the mutual dependencies conferred by their historical energy relationship would restrict the maneuverability both sides have when it comes to choosing more extreme measures.

Succoring Strangers: Clashing Castaway Humanitarianisms in Nineteenth Century East Asia

CONNOLLY DANIEL PHILLIP 고려대학교 일민국제관계연구원 2018 국제관계연구 Vol.23 No.2

Although the safety of castaway sailors was used to publicly justify interventions such as Commodore Perry’s arrival in Tokyo Bay in 1853 or the Japanese invasion of Formosa in 1874, the historiography of this period has searched for alternative explanations, such as commercial expansion or cultural chauvinism. This paper argues that the protection of castaways was more than a pretext for overseas military actions. Shipwrecks were a formidable problem of international relations in the period, demanding the creation of shared norms and mechanisms. In East Asia, European interlopers encountered a pre-existing system dedicated to regulating this problem that clashed with their own. Although both systems protected shipwrecked sailors, they were based on very different assumptions. Westerners made a conscious decision to subvert these indigenous institutions, even while benefiting from them. Ultimately, this struggle over the treatment and repatriation of shipwrecked sailors was a key component of imperialism.

A Virtuous Circle of Public Administration Reform? Korean NPM Reforms and the Role of Social Capital

윤은기,CONNOLLY DANIEL PHILLIP 한국학술연구원 2017 Korea Observer Vol.48 No.3

This article surveys almost twenty years of previous attempts to implement new public management (NPM) in South Korea. It finds that NPM, an innovative approach to public administration that emphasizes marketization, decentralization, and changing incentive structures to deliver more efficient services, has had a mixed record in Korea because of resistance by the country’s strong developmental state. This has contributed to a looming governance crisis. How is reform possible? Is Korea doomed to go through yet another cycle of ineffectual presidential-led reforms? Can we find a more sustainable approach? This paper develops a novel theoretical argument that social capital, often overlooked in practice, is actually the prerequisite for successful NPM-style reforms. In turn, this suggests that NPM and New Governance, a rival model of public administration that emphasizes participatory networks, are more convergent than commonly believed. Far from being dead, NPM is as essential as ever. The paper concludes that emerging social, economic and political trends in South Korea are making it possible, if not necessary, to implement NPM from the bottom-up.

Permanent War: Oppositional Memory Work and North Korean Human Rights

서창록,CONNOLLY DANIEL PHILLIP 서울대학교 사회발전연구소 2017 Journal of Asian Sociology Vol.46 No.2

As part of the ongoing exploration of cosmopolitan memory and human rights first pioneered by Ulrich Beck, this study analyzes the cosmopolitan potential of the advocacy efforts of the North Korean Freedom Coalition. Highlighting the close relationship between acts of remembrance and human rights, this prominent US-based network of non-profit groups maintains a complex assemblage of virtual as well as despatialized real world memory apparatuses that draw upon, repackage, and disseminate the trauma of North Korean defectors. However, this memory work is not oppositional enough. The coalition’s members are creating a databank of trauma caused by the North Korean state but are willfully suppressing the trauma that their own nations have caused in the region. In particular, their treatment of the Korean War indicates the persistence of national and even hegemonic frameworks of remembrance. This case suggests that cosmopolitanism, far from being inevitable, is vulnerable to new forms of co-option.

South Korea's Embrace of Good Donorship Norms: The Bureaucratic Process of Norm Translation

김석준,CONNOLLY DANIEL PHILLIP 인하대학교 국제관계연구소 2020 Pacific Focus Vol.35 No.2

How and when do international norms shape or fail to shape a state's behaviors? This paper examines how and why South Korea decided to accede to the Organisation for Economic Co‐operation and Development's (OECD) Development Assistance Committee (DAC) in 2008. Specifically, we examine the political infighting that shaped the timing and implementation of the decision. Our study highlights what we term a “bureaucratic norm contestation process” whereby government agencies independently select norms to promote based on their organizational interests and engage in intra‐governmental debates as they competitively attempt to “sell” their choice to decision‐makers. In the case of South Korea, this aggressive reinterpretation of norms, in conjunction with pushback by rival bureaucratic agencies, has contributed to two translations of the norm. The first translation was a discursive shift of the language of donorship away from a focus on humanitarian duty and towards status enhancement. The second translation occurred at the level of practice, as rival bureaucracies tried to implement their unique vision of Korea's success story. This study illustrates that norm diffusion is not a unidirectional flow of ideas from the center to the periphery of the international system but a process of contested coproduction that includes local actors.

Flashpoints That Do Not Ignite? : Nonviolence and the 2016-2017 South Korean Impeachment Protests

서창록,유영수,CONNOLLY DANIEL PHILLIP 한국학술연구원 2018 Korea Observer Vol.49 No.3

On March 10, 2017, the President of South Korea, Park Geun-hye, was impeached for influence peddling after months of peaceful mass demonstrations. Do these candlelight vigils mark a progressive shift in Korea’s street protest repertoires? On the contrary, this paper draws upon the Flashpoints Model of Public Disorder to argue that violence was a real possibility, particularly at the structural, ideological, and contextual levels, but that the Seoul Administrative Court’s interventions at the contextual and situational levels helped prevent flashpoints from igniting. Additionally, disciplined behaviour by protestors and police at the interactional level helped contain isolated physical altercations. This paper finds that the Flashpoints Model of Public Disorder, originally devised to explain why violent protests happen in Western countries, is also a useful tool for analysing the outcomes of protests in Korea. Nevertheless, the candlelight vigils in downtown Seoul also offer a strong test of the model and its assumptions.

The Human Security Implications of the Fourth Industrial Revolution in East Asia

Changrok Soh,CONNOLLY DANIEL PHILLIP 경남대학교 극동문제연구소 2020 ASIAN PERSPECTIVE Vol.44 No.3

This article looks at emerging threats to human security in East Asia posed by the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR), defined here as emerging business models and techniques that leverage automation, AI (artificial intelligence), and the accelerating fusion of bodies with digital and material technologies. Although this phenomenon is celebrated for creating new sources of value and innovation, it also constitutes a serious threat because its key processes generate new forms of inequality and potentially undermine human dignity and agency. Human security is an important concept for preemptively analyzing these emerging socioeconomic changes and considering countermeasures. The article concludes by briefly proposing a new mode of bottom-up human security advocacy focused on the participatory design and implementation of technological systems to help build resilience across the region.