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Bushra Bari,Shehla Honey,Madhuku Morgan,Ishaq Ahmad,Rauf Khan,Arshad Muhammad,Khalid Alamgir,Shahzad Naseem,Maaza Malik 한국물리학회 2015 Current Applied Physics Vol.15 No.5
MeV carbon ion irradiation-induced changes in the electrical conductivity of Silver nanowire (Ag-NW) networks is demonstrated systematically at different C+ ion fluences ranging from 1 × 1012 to 1 × 1016 ions/cm2 at room temperature. At low C+ ion fluences, the electrical conductivity of Ag-NWs decreases and subsequently increases with increase fluence. Finally, at high C+ ion fluences, conductivity again decreases. The variation in the electrical conductivity of Ag NW network is discussed after analysis using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. The observed increase in electrical conductivity is thought to be due to ion induced coalescence of Ag-NWs at contact position, which causes reduction of wire-wire contact resistance, while the decrease in electrical conductivity may be due to defect production by C+ ions into Ag-NWs. Ion beam technology is therefore a very promising technology that is capable of fabricating highly conductive Ag-NW networks for transparent electrodes. Moreover, a method for thinning, slicing and cutting of Ag-NWs using ion beam technology is also reported.
Spatio-Temporal Variability of SummerMonsoon Onset over Pakistan
Shaukat Ali,Bushra Khalid,Rida Sehar Kiani,Romaisa Babar,Sana Nasir,Nadia Rehman,Muhammad Adnan,Muhammad Arif Goheer 한국기상학회 2020 Asia-Pacific Journal of Atmospheric Sciences Vol.56 No.1
Pakistan receives huge amount of rainfall during summer monsoon season that provides water replenishment for transition periods, helps in maintaining natural and anthropogenic ecosystems, and increased crop productivity. In this changing world, shifts in summer monsoon onset in Pakistan have been observed that seems to affect the society in general. Therefore, it is vital to address these summer monsoon onset shifts to help policy makings and implementation. The study was carried out to analyse the spatio-temporal variability in summer monsoon onset in four objectively defined regions covering all Pakistan. A total of 35 meteorological stations spreading over four regions (i.e., northern, central east, central west, and southern) were taken in to account and shifts in summer monsoon onset have been calculated for the period of 1971–2010. The analysis is based on the observational data of daily precipitation from 20th Jun-20th July for 40 years. The onset for each year and mean onset for each decade has been calculated for all stations. The data was analysed for homogeneity, spatial and temporal variability of monsoon rainfall has been calculated for all four regions, and station wise monsoon onset has been discussed in detail. The temporal analysis shows that the onset of monsoon has shift towards earlier onset from first week of July to last week of June at most of the stations in which the investigation was carried out during the studied period. The spatial analysis shows that the amount of monsoon precipitation during the onset period has decreased after 1970’s in almost all regions. This variability in monsoon onset can have major impacts on rain fed agriculture and cultivation of crops like maize, soybean, rice and sugarcane etc. and will have to revisit the cropping calendar.