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Provincial Development in China: Lessons from EU Regional Policy Experience
Phillip J. Bryson,Keren Sun 연세대학교 동서문제연구원 2007 Global economic review Vol.36 No.3
This article evaluates and compares regional development in the Chinese provinces and in the regions of the European Union (EU) countries. Development efforts in southern Italy, northeast England and eastern Germany are reviewed along with EU, Community-wide regional development programmes. Equity concerns suggest promotion of regional policy, but the pursuit of maximum national economic growth would avoid it, since it sacrifices some economic growth. The impact of foreign direct investment (FDI) and domestic investments on individual Chinese provinces is compared with their impact in Europe. There is an implicit contrast between public sector regional development programs and more effective private foreign direct investments.
<i>Kepler</i> photometry of the prototypical Blazhko star RR Lyr: an old friend seen in a new light
Kolenberg, K.,Bryson, S.,Szabó,, R.,Kurtz, D. W.,Smolec, R.,Nemec, J. M.,Guggenberger, E.,Moskalik, P.,Benkő,, J. M.,Chadid, M.,Jeon, Y.‐,B.,Kiss, L. L.,Kopacki, G.,Nuspl, J.,Still, M Blackwell Publishing Ltd 2011 Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society Vol.411 No.2
<P><B>ABSTRACT</B></P><P>We present our analysis of the long‐cadence <I>Kepler</I> data for the well‐studied Blazhko star RR Lyr, gathered during the first two quarters of the satellite’s observations and covering a total of 127 d. Besides being of great importance for our understanding of RR Lyrae stars in general, these RR Lyr data can be regarded as a case study for observations of bright stars with <I>Kepler</I>. <I>Kepler</I> can perform high‐precision photometry on targets like RR Lyr, as the saturated flux is conserved to a very high degree. The <I>Kepler</I> data on RR Lyr are revolutionary in several respects. Even with long‐cadence sampling (one measurement per 29.4 min), the unprecedented precision (< mmag) of the <I>Kepler</I> photometry allows the study of the star’s extreme light‐curve variations in detail. The multiplet structures at the main frequency and its harmonics, typical for Blazhko stars, are clearly detected up to the quintuplets. For the first time, photometric data of RR Lyr reveal the presence of half‐integer frequencies, linked to a period‐doubling effect. This phenomenon may be connected to the still unexplained Blazhko modulation. Moreover, with three observed Blazhko cycles at our disposal, we observe that there is no exact repetition in the light‐curve changes from one modulation cycle to the next for RR Lyr. This may be due to additional periodicities in the star, or to transient or quasi‐periodic changes.</P>
Song, M.-R.,Sun, Y.,Bryson, A.,Gill, G. N.,Evans, S. M.,Pfaff, S. L. The Company of Biologists 2009 Development (Cambridge) Vol.136 No.17
<P>LIM transcription factors bind to nuclear LIM interactor (Ldb/NLI/Clim) in specific ratios to form higher-order complexes that regulate gene expression. Here we examined how the dosage of LIM homeodomain proteins Isl1 and Isl2 and LIM-only protein Lmo4 influences the assembly and function of complexes involved in the generation of spinal motor neurons (MNs) and V2a interneurons (INs). Reducing the levels of Islet proteins using a graded series of mutations favored V2a IN differentiation at the expense of MN formation. Although LIM-only proteins (LMOs) are predicted to antagonize the function of Islet proteins, we found that the presence or absence of Lmo4 had little influence on MN or V2a IN specification. We did find, however, that the loss of MNs resulting from reduced Islet levels was rescued by eliminating Lmo4, unmasking a functional interaction between these proteins. Our findings demonstrate that MN and V2a IN fates are specified by distinct complexes that are sensitive to the relative stoichiometries of the constituent factors and we present a model to explain how LIM domain proteins modulate these complexes and, thereby, this binary-cell-fate decision.</P>
Szabó,, R.,Kollá,th, Z.,Molná,r, L.,Kolenberg, K.,Kurtz, D. W.,Bryson, S. T.,Benkő,, J. M.,Christensen‐,Dalsgaard, J.,Kjeldsen, H.,Borucki, W. J.,Koch, D.,Twicken, J. D.,C Blackwell Publishing Ltd 2010 MONTHLY NOTICES- ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY Vol.409 No.3
<P><B>ABSTRACT</B></P><P>The first detection of the period doubling phenomenon is reported in the <I>Kepler</I> RR Lyrae stars RR Lyr, V808 Cyg and V355 Lyr. Interestingly, all these pulsating stars show Blazhko modulation. The period doubling manifests itself as alternating maxima and minima of the pulsational cycles in the light curve, as well as through the appearance of half‐integer frequencies located halfway between the main pulsation period and its harmonics in the frequency spectrum. The effect was found to be stronger during certain phases of the modulation cycle. We were able to reproduce the period‐doubling bifurcation in our non‐linear RR Lyrae models computed by the Florida–Budapest hydrocode. This enabled us to trace the origin of this instability in RR Lyrae stars to a resonance, namely a 9:2 resonance between the fundamental mode and a high‐order (ninth) radial overtone showing strange‐mode characteristics. We discuss the connection of this new type of variation to the mysterious Blazhko effect and argue that it may give us fresh insights into solving this century‐old enigma.</P>
Nemec, J. M.,Smolec, R.,Benkő,, J. M.,Moskalik, P.,Kolenberg, K.,Szabó,, R.,Kurtz, D. W.,Bryson, S.,Guggenberger, E.,Chadid, M.,Jeon, Y.‐,B.,Kunder, A.,Layden, A. C.,Kinemuchi, K.,Kis Blackwell Publishing Ltd 2011 Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society Vol.417 No.2
<P><B>ABSTRACT</B></P><P>Nineteen of the ∼40 RR Lyr stars in the <I>Kepler</I> field have been identified as candidate non‐Blazhko (or unmodulated) stars. In this paper we present the results of Fourier decomposition of the time‐series photometry of these stars acquired during the first 417 d of operation (Q0–Q5) of the <I>Kepler</I> telescope. Fourier parameters based on ∼18 400 long‐cadence observations per star (and ∼150 000 short‐cadence observations for FN Lyr and for AW Dra) are derived. None of the stars shows the recently discovered ‘period‐doubling’ effect seen in Blazhko variables; however, KIC 7021124 has been found to pulsate simultaneously in the fundamental and second overtone modes with a period ratio <I>P</I><SUB>2</SUB>/<I>P</I><SUB>0</SUB>∼ 0.593 05 and is similar to the double‐mode star V350 Lyr. Period change rates are derived from O − C diagrams spanning, in some cases, over 100 years; these are compared with high‐precision periods derived from the <I>Kepler</I> data alone. Extant Fourier correlations by Kovács, Jurcsik et al. (with minor transformations from the <I>V</I> to the <I>Kp</I> passband) have been used to derive underlying physical characteristics for all the stars. This procedure seems to be validated through comparisons of the <I>Kepler</I> variables with Galactic and Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) RR Lyr stars. The most metal‐poor star in the sample is NR Lyr, with [Fe/H] =−2.3 dex; and the four most metal‐rich stars have [Fe/H] ranging from −0.6 to +0.1 dex. Pulsational luminosities and masses are found to be systematically smaller than <I>L</I> and <IMG src='/wiley-blackwell_img/equation/MNR_19317_mu1.gif' alt ='inline image'/> values derived from stellar evolution models, and are favoured over the evolutionary values when periods are computed with the Warsaw linear hydrodynamics code. Finally, the Fourier parameters are compared with theoretical values derived using the Warsaw non‐linear convective pulsation code.</P>