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Adiponectin deficit during the precarious glucose economy of early lactation in dairy cows.
Giesy, Sarah L,Yoon, Bohyung,Currie, W Bruce,Kim, Jin Wook,Boisclair, Yves R Association for the Study of Internal Secretions 2012 Endocrinology Vol.153 No.12
<P>In rodents and primates, insulin resistance develops during pregnancy and fades after parturition. In contrast, dairy cows and other ruminants maintain insulin resistance in early lactation (EL). This adaptation favors mammary glucose uptake, an insulin-independent process, at a time when the glucose supply is scarce. Reduction in circulating levels of the insulin-sensitizing hormone adiponectin promotes insulin resistance in other species, but whether it contributes to insulin resistance in EL dairy cows is unknown. To address this question, plasma adiponectin was measured in high-yielding dairy cows during the transition from late pregnancy (LP) to EL. Plasma adiponectin varied in quadratic fashion with the highest levels in LP, a maximal reduction of 45% on the day after parturition and a progressive return to LP values over the next 8 wk. Adiponectin circulated nearly exclusively in high molecular weight complexes in LP, and this distribution remained unaffected in EL. The reduction of plasma adiponectin in EL occurred without changes in adiponectin mRNA in adipose tissue but was associated with repression of the expression of proteins associated with the endoplasmic reticulum and involved in assembly of adiponectin oligomers. Finally, EL increased the expression of the adiponectin receptor 1 in muscle and adiponectin receptor 2 in liver but had no effect on the expression of these receptors in adipose tissue and in the mammary gland. These data suggest that reduced plasma adiponectin belongs to the subset of hormonal adaptations in EL dairy cows facilitating mammary glucose uptake via promotion of insulin resistance.</P>
( Eungeol Sim ),( Chizoba Nwankwo ),( Bruce Bacon ),( Michael P. Curry ),( Douglas T. Dieterich ),( Steven L. Flamm ),( Kris V. Kowdley ),( Scott Milligan ),( Naoky C. Tsai ),( Zobair M. Younossi ),( 대한간학회 2018 춘·추계 학술대회 (KASL) Vol.2018 No.1
Aims: Lengthening treatment with elbasvir/grazoprevir (EBR/ GZR) to 16 weeks and/or adding ribavirin (RBV) is recommended for select patients with HCV GT1 infection. However, realworld data (J Hepatol 2017;66:S295) suggest that utilization of this regimen is low. This study examined the use of 12- and 16- week EBR/GZR ±RBV regimens in different patient subgroups. Methods: Data were collected from providers and specialty pharmacies through Trio Health’s disease management program. Patients (n=442) with HCV GT1 infection who initiated EBR/GZR therapy between Jan 28, 2016 (FDA approval) to Dec 31, 2016 were included. Results: 401 (91%) patients received EBR/GZR for 12 weeks, 12 (3%) received EBR/GZR+RBV for 12 weeks, 11 (2%) received EBR/GZR for 16 weeks, and 18 (4%) received EBR/GZR+RBV for 16 weeks. Possible baseline NS5A resistance was identified in 13/285 patients with GT1a infection: 3 (23%) received EBR/ GZR for 12 weeks, 1 (8%) received EBR/GZR+RBV for 12 weeks, 2 (15%) received EBR/GZR for 16 weeks, and 7 (54%) received EBR/GZR+RBV for 16 weeks. Across all patients, the +RBV subgroup had a higher proportion of treatment-experienced patients (43%, 13/30) than the -RBV group (17%, 69/412); and the 16-week subgroup had a higher proportion of GT1A subtype (93%, 27/29) than the 12-week group (62%, 258/413). Other characteristics including gender, age, baseline viral load, and cirrhosis were similar between regimens and between groups defined by RBV addition or therapy duration. SVR12 results at time of abstract submission were available for 262/442 patients. Overall per protocol (PP) SVR12 was 97% (253/262). Across GT1 subgroups (defined by subtype, prior treatment experience, and fibrosis) that received EBR/GZR for 12 weeks without RBV, the PP SVR12 was ≥94% (TABLE). Conclusions: In real-world practice, EBR/GZR was highly effective, with the majority of patients treated for 12 weeks without RBV. Full SVR12 data will be presented at the conference.