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(Brian J . Whelan),(Michael R . Norton),(Jonathan Clark) 한국수처리학회 1996 한국수처리학회지 Vol.4 No.4
Goverments have traditionally fulfilled their responsibilities for the provision of basic community needs by the financing and management of the infrastructure which provides it. In recent year, a new approach has been adopted for the provision of such facilities adopting the Build, Operate, transfer(BOT)concept. This paper describes, the BOT concept, typical structure and management of the process. It then deals with the essemtials of risk, the proper allocation of which is the key to successm and outline the application of BOT concepts to the implementation of Water/Wastwater Treatment Plants. Finally, it summarises the effestiveness of those undertaken to date and suggests lessons for the future.
Examining Walking, Politics and the Arts in Three Countries
Brian B. Knudsen,Terry Nichols Clark,Daniel Silver 한국문화정책학회 2015 문화정책 Vol.2 No.1
This article investigates the impact of walking on social movement and arts activity in the U.S., Canada, and France. By joining them, we enhance the typically separate traditions of the arts, social movements, and walking, hypothesizing that walking relates both directly and interactively with creative and expressive activities like contemporary movement organizations and the arts. With the original use of large-N data from the economic and population censuses of each country, we employ multiple regression analyses to test our propositions across ZIP Codes in the U.S., Forward Sortation Areas in Canada, and communes in France. Findings show strong and significant direct effects of walking that hold in all three countries: both artistic and social movement activities are higher in locales with more walking and walkable contexts. We also find strong interaction effects: when walking occurs in locales with more arts activity, its impact on social movements is greater.
Mahato Niladri Kumar,Maharaj Paramanand,Clark Brian C. 대한척추외과학회 2024 Asian Spine Journal Vol.18 No.1
Study Design: Testing between and within group differences and assessing reliability of measurements. Purpose: To study and compare lumbar spine morphology in supine and weight-bearing (WB) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Overview of Literature: Upright lumbar MRI may uncover anatomical changes that may escape detection when using conventional supine imaging. This study quantified anatomical dimensions of the lumbar spine in the supine and WB MRI, compared specific morphometric differences between them, and tested the intra-rater reliability of the measurements. Repeated measures analysis was used to compare within- and between-session measurements performed on the supine and WB images. Reliability and agreement were assessed by calculating intraclass correlation (ICC) coefficient. Methods: Data from 12 adults without any history of back pain were used in this study. Sagittal T2-weighted images of the lumbar spine were acquired in the supine and WB positions twice (in two separate sessions scheduled within a week). Linear, angular dimensions, and cross-sectional areas (CSAs) were measured using proprietary software. Supine and WB data acquired from the two imaging sessions were tested for intra-rater reliability. Quantified data were normalized for each session to test the significance of differences. ICC was calculated to test the reliability of the measurements. Results: Linear, angular, and CSA measurements demonstrated strong within-position (supine and WB) correlations (r-values, 0.75–0.97). Between-position (supine vs. WB) differences were significant for all measured dimensions (p<0.05). Between-session measurements demonstrated a strong correlation (r-values, 0.64–0.83). Calculated ICC showed strong agreement among the measurements. Conclusions: Anatomical dimensions of the lumbar spine may demonstrate consistent and significant differences between supine and WB MRI for specific structural parameters.
Niladri Kumar Mahato,Stephane Montuelle,Brian C. Clark 대한척추외과학회 2019 Asian Spine Journal Vol.13 No.3
Study Design: Between-session reliability of a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) based experimental technique to quantify lumbar inter-vertebral motion in humans. Purpose: We have developed a novel, dynamic, MRI-based approach for quantifying in vivo lumbar inter-vertebral motion. In this study, we present the protocol’s reliability results to quantify inter-vertebral spine motion. Overview of Literature: Morphometric studies on intervertebral displacements using static, supine MRI and quantification of dynamic spine motion using different X-ray based radiography techniques are commonly found in the literature. However, reliability testing of techniques assessing real-time lumbar intervertebral motion using weight-bearing MRI has rarely been reported. Methods: Ten adults without a history of back pain performed a side-bending task on two separate occasions, inside an open-MRI, in a weight-bearing, upright position. The images were acquired during the task using a dynamic magnetic resonance (MR) sequence. The MRI imaging space was externally calibrated before the study to recreate the imaging volume for subsequent use in an animation software. The dynamic MR images were processed to create side-bending movement animations in the virtual environment. Participant-specific three-dimensional models were manually superimposed over vertebral image silhouettes in a sequence of image frames, representing the motion trials. Inter-vertebral axes and translation and rotational displacements of vertebrae were quantified using the animation software. Results: Quantification of inter-vertebral rotations and translations shows high reliability. Between-session reliability results yielded high values for the intra-class correlation coefficient (0.86–0.93), coefficient of variation (13.3%–16.04%), and Pearson’s correlation coefficients (0.89–0.98). Conclusions: This technique may be developed further to improve its speed and accuracy for diagnostic applications, to study in vivo spine stability, and to assess outcomes of surgical and non-surgical interventions applied to manage pathological spine motion.