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Presynaptic Regulation of Astroglial Excitatory Neurotransmitter Transporter GLT1
Yang, Yongjie,Gozen, Oguz,Watkins, Andrew,Lorenzini, Ileana,Lepore, Angelo,Gao, Yuanzheng,Vidensky, Svetlana,Brennan, Jean,Poulsen, David,Won Park, Jeong,Li Jeon, Noo,Robinson, Michael B.,Rothstein, J Elsevier 2009 Neuron Vol.61 No.6
<P><B>Summary</B></P><P>The neuron-astrocyte synaptic complex is a fundamental operational unit of the nervous system. Astroglia regulate synaptic glutamate, via neurotransmitter transport by GLT1/EAAT2. Astroglial mechanisms underlying this essential neuron-glial communication are not known. We now show that presynaptic terminals regulate astroglial synaptic functions, GLT1/EAAT2, via kappa B-motif binding phosphoprotein (KBBP), the mouse homolog of human heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein K (hnRNP K), which binds the GLT1/EAAT2 promoter. Neuron-stimulated KBBP is required for GLT1/EAAT2 transcriptional activation and is responsible for astroglial alterations in neural injury. Denervation of neuron-astrocyte signaling by corticospinal tract transection, ricin-induced motor neuron death, or neurodegeneration in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis all result in reduced astroglial KBBP expression and transcriptional dysfunction of astroglial transporter expression. Presynaptic elements dynamically coordinate normal astroglial function and also provide a fundamental signaling mechanism by which altered neuronal function and injury leads to dysregulated astroglia in CNS disease.</P>
Current practices and recent advances in condition assessment of aged ships
Rizzo, C. M.,Paik, J. K.,Brennan, F.,Carlsen, C. A.,Daley, C.,Garbatov, Y.,Ivanov, L.,Simonsen, B. C.,Yamamoto, N.,Zhuang, H. Z. Taylor Francis 2007 SHIPS AND OFFSHORE STRUCTURES Vol.2 No.3
<P> Ship structures are likely to be subject to age-related deterioration such as corrosion wastage, cracking or mechanical damage. It has reportedly been recognised that such age-related deterioration is almost always involved in the catastrophic failures of ship structures including total losses. While such accidents typically cause concern to the public, maintenance and repair of aged structures is quite costly and complex. It is thus of great importance to develop advanced technologies allowing for proper management and control of such age-related deterioration. This paper summarises the report of the ISSC 2006 Committee V.6 presenting current practices, recent advances and future trends on condition assessment of aged ships. This includes assessment of the structural condition in view of the serviceability and safety, methods for repair, quantification of strength of deteriorated and repaired ships (as well as criteria for acceptable damage), with due account of the uncertainties involved. Consideration is also given to cost-benefit and risk-based decision procedures for remedial actions.</P>
Rapid Variable-Number Tandem-Repeat Genotyping for Mycobacterium leprae Clinical Specimens
Kimura, M.,Sakamuri, R. M.,Groathouse, N. A.,Rivoire, B. L.,Gingrich, D.,Krueger-Koplin, S.,Cho, S.-N.,Brennan, P. J.,Vissa, V. American Society for Microbiology 2009 Journal of clinical microbiology Vol.47 No.6
<P>Mycobacterium leprae is the noncultivable pathogen of leprosy. Since the genome sequence of an isolate of M. leprae has become available, multiple-locus variable-number tandem-repeat (VNTR) analysis (MLVA) has been explored as a tool for strain typing and identification of chains of transmission of leprosy. In order to discover VNTRs and develop methods transferable to clinical samples, MLVA was applied to a global collection of M. leprae isolates derived from leprosy patients and propagated in armadillo hosts. PCR amplification, agarose gel electrophoresis, and sequencing methods were applied to DNA extracts from these infected armadillo tissues (n = 21). We identified polymorphisms in 15 out of 25 short-tandem-repeat (STR) loci previously selected by in silico analyses of the M. leprae genome. We then developed multiplex PCR for amplification of these 15 loci in four separate PCRs suitable for fluorescent fragment length analysis and demonstrated STR profiles highly concordant with those from the sequencing methods. Subsequently, we extended this method to DNA extracts from human clinical specimens, such as skin biopsy specimens (n = 30). With these techniques, mapping of multiple loci and differentiation of genotypes have been possible using total DNA extracts from limited amounts of clinical samples at a reduced cost and with less time. These practical methods are therefore available and applicable to answer focused epidemiological questions and to allow monitoring of the transmission of M. leprae in different countries where leprosy is endemic.</P>