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Current Status of Nuclear Waste Management (and Disposal) in the United States
McMahon, K.,Swift, P.,Nutt, M.,Birkholzer, J.,Boyle, W.,Gunter, T.,Larson, N.,MacKinnon, R.,Sorenson, K. Korean Radioactive Waste Society 2013 방사성폐기물학회지 Vol.1 No.1
The United States Department of Energy (US DOE) is conducting research and development (R&D) activities under the Used Fuel Disposition Campaign (UFDC) to support storage, transportation, and disposal of used nuclear fuel (UNF) and wastes generated by existing and future nuclear fuel cycles. R&D activities are ongoing at nine national laboratories, and are divided into storage, transportation and disposal. Storage R&D focuses on closing technical gaps related to extended storage of UNF. Transportation R&D focuses on ensuring transportability of UNF following extended storage, and addressing data gaps regarding nuclear fuel integrity, retrievability, and demonstration of subcriticality. Disposal R&D focuses on identifying geologic disposal options and addressing technical challenges for generic disposal concepts in mined repositories in salt, clay/shale, and granitic rocks, and deep borehole disposal. UFDC R&D goals include increasing confidence in the robustness of generic disposal concepts, reducing generic sources of uncertainty that may impact the viability of disposal concepts, and developing science and engineering tools to support the selection, characterization, and licensing of a repository. The US DOE has also initiated activities in the Nuclear Fuel Storage and Transportation (NFST) Planning Project to facilitate the development of an interim storage facility and to support transportation infrastructure in the near term.
Cellobiose Hydrolysis Using Acid-functionalized Nanoparticles
L. Peña,M. Ikenberry,B. Ware,K. L. Hohn,D. Boyle,X. S. Sun,D. Wang 한국생물공학회 2011 Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering Vol.16 No.6
Mineral acids have been used effectively for the pretreatment of cellulosic biomass to improve sugar recovery and promote its conversion to ethanol; however,substantial capital investment is required to enable separation of the acid, and corrosion-resistant materials are necessary. Disposal and neutralization costs are also concerns because they can decrease the economic feasibility of the process. In this work, three acid-functionalized nanoparticles were synthesized for pretreatment and hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass. Silica-protected cobalt spinel ferrite nanoparticles were functionalized with perfluoroalkylsulfonic acid (PFS), alkylsulfonic acid (AS), and butylcarboxylic acid (BCOOH) groups. These nanoparticles were magnetically separated from the reaction media and reused. TEM images showed that the average diameter was 2 nm for both PFS and BCOOH nanoparticles and 7 nm for AS nanoparticles. FTIR confirmed the presence of sulfonic and carboxylic acid functional groups. Ion exchange titration measurements yielded 0.9, 1.7, and 0.2mmol H+/g of catalyst for PFS, AS, and BCOOH nanoparticles,respectively. Elemental analysis results indicated that PFS and AS nanoparticles had 3.1 and 4.9% sulfur,respectively. Cellobiose hydrolysis was used as a model reaction to evaluate the performance of acid-functionalized magnetic nanoparticles for breaking β-(1→4) glycosidic bonds. Cellobiose conversion of 78% was achieved when using AS nanoparticles as the catalyst at 175°C for 1 h,which was significantly higher than the conversion for the control experiment (52%). AS nanoparticles retained more than 60% of their sulfonic acids groups after the first run,and 65 and 60% conversions were obtained for the second and third runs, respectively.
Knickkopf protein protects and organizes chitin in the newly synthesized insect exoskeleton
Chaudhari, S.S.,Arakane, Y.,Specht, C.A.,Moussian, B.,Boyle, D.L.,Park, Y.,Kramer, K.J.,Beeman, R.W.,Muthukrishnan, S. National Academy of Sciences 2011 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF Vol.108 No.41
COSMIC-RAY PROTON AND HELIUM SPECTRA FROM THE FIRST CREAM FLIGHT
Yoon, Y. S.,Ahn, H. S.,Allison, P. S.,Bagliesi, M. G.,Beatty, J. J.,Bigongiari, G.,Boyle, P. J.,Childers, J. T.,Conklin, N. B.,Coutu, S.,DuVernois, M. A.,Ganel, O.,Han, J. H.,Jeon, J. A.,Kim, K. C.,Le IOP Publishing 2011 The Astrophysical journal Vol.728 No.2
<P>Cosmic-ray proton and helium spectra have been measured with the balloon-borne Cosmic Ray Energetics And Mass experiment flown for 42 days in Antarctica in the 2004-2005 austral summer season. High-energy cosmic-ray data were collected at an average altitude of similar to 38.5 km with an average atmospheric overburden of similar to 3.9 g cm(-2). Individual elements are clearly separated with a charge resolution of similar to 0.15 e (in charge units) and similar to 0.2 e for protons and helium nuclei, respectively. The measured spectra at the top of the atmosphere are represented by power laws with a spectral index of -2.66 +/- 0.02 for protons from 2.5 TeV to 250 TeV and -2.58 +/- 0.02 for helium nuclei from 630 GeV nucleon(-1) to 63 TeV nucleon-1. They are harder than previous measurements at a few tens of GeV nucleon-1. The helium flux is higher than that expected from the extrapolation of the power law fitted to the lower-energy data. The relative abundance of protons to helium nuclei is 9.1 +/- 0.5 for the range from 2.5 TeV nucleon(-1) to 63 TeV nucleon(-1). This ratio is considerably smaller than the previous measurements at a few tens of GeV nucleon(-1).</P>
Ahn, H.S.,Allison, P.S.,Bagliesi, M.G.,Beatty, J.J.,Bigongiari, G.,Boyle, P.J.,Brandt, T.J.,Childers, J.T.,Conklin, N.B.,Coutu, S.,Duvernois, M.A.,Ganel, O.,Han, J.H.,Hyun, H.J.,Jeon, J.A.,Kim, K.C.,L North-Holland ; Elsevier Science Ltd 2008 Astroparticle physics Vol.30 No.3
We present new measurements of heavy cosmic-ray nuclei at high energies performed during the first flight of the balloon-borne cosmic-ray experiment Cosmic-Ray Energetics and Mass (CREAM). This instrument uses multiple charge detectors and a transition radiation detector to provide the first high accuracy measurements of the relative abundances of elements from boron to oxygen up to energies around 1TeV/n. The data agree with previous measurements at lower energies and show a relatively steep decline (∼E<SUP>-0.6</SUP> to E<SUP>-0.5</SUP>) at high energies. They further show the source abundance of nitrogen relative to oxygen is ∼10% in the TeV/n region.