Introduction to "Cartographic Anxieties"

Billé, Franck 고려대학교 민족문화연구원 2016 Cross-Currents Vol.- No.21

While the term “cartographic anxieties” is metaphorically loaded, it has remained under-theorized and is used to refer to very different situations. A state can experience anxiety when it is subject to the “cartographic aggression” (de Blij 2012) of another. Anxiety can also be found in the gap between state representations and the imaginaries held by the citizens of that state, or between a dominant majority and an ethnic, religious, or political minority (Cons 2016). Further, it can have different temporal resonances in that the gap can index the nostalgic mourning for past territorial grandeur (Callahan 2010; Cartier 2013), evoke a programmatic future (Fortna 2002), or offer poetic and corporealized visions of the nation-state (Ramaswamy 2010). The five articles in this special issue explore various political and cultural reverberations of cartography, as well as the complex set of discursive practices in which it is embedded. The discussion framing these papers began as a panel at the 2016 American Association of Geographers’ annual meeting, which included four of the authors featured here (Akin, Billé, Roszko, and Saxer). The contributions focus on China and its neighbors from the perspective of different disciplines: anthropology (Billé, Roszko, Saxer), history (Akin), and history of art (Tsultemin). In addition to bringing a cohesive and coherent focus to the special issue, this geographic convergence is timely given China’s recent economic and political trajectory. In tracing and analyzing the cartographic tremors of a geopolitical formation in flux, the different articles offer an outline of the mechanics of “cartographic anxiety” and together contribute to a better understanding of the affective power of mapping.

A Soundtrack to Mongolian History

Franck Billé 고려대학교 민족문화연구원 2016 Cross-Currents Vol.- No.19

On China's Cartographic Embrace: A View from Its Northern Rim

Franck Billé 고려대학교 민족문화연구원 2016 Cross-Currents Vol.- No.21

Although relations between China and Mongolia are good, with no outstanding territorial disputes, Mongolia continues to view its southern neighbor with considerable anxiety. Numerous paranoid narratives circulate, hinting at China’s alleged malevolent intentions, and many Mongols are convinced that China is intent on a takeover. This article argues that this anxiety is located in two particular cartographic gaps. The first is the misalignment between People’s Republic of China (PRC) and Republic of China (ROC) maps, namely the fact that Taiwanese maps include Mongolia within the boundaries of China. For the majority of Mongolian viewers who do not read Chinese, this constitutes a clear case of cartographic aggression. The second gap is found in cultural-historical maps of China that portray large swaths of northern Asia as regions formerly inhabited by Chinese. While neither map constitutes a political claim, the Chinese cultural imaginary each portrays posits Mongolia as “not quite foreign.” Rather than “cartographic aggression,” the term “cartographic embrace” may be a better designation here. Even if Chinese cartographic practices do not index intent, for countries like Mongolia—whose political existence is founded on separation from China—cultural “embrace” can be even more threatening.

금속 제조 분야에 도래한 휴대용 레이저 용접의 시대

Bill Kallgren(Bill Kallgren ),John Bickley(John Bickley ),Laura Garcia(Laura Garcia ) 한국레이저가공학회 2023 Laser Solutions Vol.26 No.1

IDEO와 스탠포드 대학의 “혁신을 통한 디자인” 육성

빌 모그리지(Bill Moggridge) 한국디자인산업연구센터 2008 IDCC Proceeding Vol.2008 No.5

디자인이 지배하는 혁신 과정을 사례 연구한 Shimano Coasting Platform을 토대로 자전거의 새로운 카테고리의 개발사례. 지구촌 경제는 전 세계에서 디자인에 영향을 주고 있으며, 북미의 회사들은 완성부터 혁신까지 자신들을 바꾸어가고 있다. 빌 모그리지는 회사가 과거의 10년 전부터 제품 디자인의 전략을 디자인의 혁신적인 기업으로, 디자인 사고를 이용하여 소비자들에게 속도, 복합성, 그리고 가능한 장소를 물색하도록 도우면서 IDEO의 디자인 과정의 변화를 설명한다. 디자인의 본성연구는 분석되었고, 네 종류의 단계로 분류되었다. 일반적인 인식, 전문적인 솜씨, 다학제적 디자인사고 그리고 디자인 리서치이다. 각각의 단계들은 사례연구의 예를 통하여 논의되고 실증되었다. The development of a new category of bicycles based on the Shimano Coasting Platform illustrates the process of design-led innovation as a case study. The global economy affects design everywhere in the world, pushing companies in North America to transform themselves from implementation to innovation. Bill Moggridge describes the changes in design process at IDEO, as the company has evolved over the past ten years from a product design consultancy to an Innovation through Design company, using design thinking to help clients navigate the speed, complexity, and opportunity areas of today’s world. The nature of design practice is analyzed, divided into four levels of contribution; general awareness, specialist skills, interdisciplinary design thinking and design research. Each of these levels is discussed and exemplified by the case studyexample.

Administrative Reforms : Harder Yards Ahead: The Second Stage of Public Sector Reform in New Zealand

( Bill Ryan ) 한국행정학회 2003 Bulletins et mémoires de la Societe d'Anthropologi Vol.2003 No.-

Disputes About Disputes: Understanding the South China Sea

Bill Hayton 고려대학교 민족문화연구원 2017 Cross-Currents Vol.0 No.25

The two books under review here demonstrate some of the diversity of writing within the discipline of international relations. In China’s Troubled Waters: Maritime Disputes in Theoretical Perspectives, political scientist Steve Chan, following Kant, describes his style as “nomothetic,” “which emphasizes attention to classes of events rather than specific episodes” (vii). Strategic and defense studies scholar Do Thanh Hai’s Vietnam and the South China Sea: Politics, Security and Legality is an example of what Chan calls the “idiographic approach,” focusing “on the more unique or specific aspects of the situation” (vii). Chan wants to be able to generalize and compare, and he explicitly eschews narratives of “who did what to whom.” Hai, on the other hand, is keen to make clear that it is China who did something to Vietnam. The most obvious criticism to make of his book is that it is written from an overtly Vietnamese perspective. That is a weakness, but also potentially a draw for those interested in the formulation of Vietnamese policy. Chan writes from an ostensibly neutral position, but, as we shall see, his analysis is rooted within a Chinese world view...

Business Ethics, Policy, and Focus

( Bill Ryan ) 한국행정학회 2003 Bulletins et mémoires de la Societe d'Anthropologi Vol.2003 No.-

HIV-1 Genetic Diversity Among Incident Infections in Mbeya, Tanzania

Billings, Erik,Sanders-Buell, Eric,Bose, Meera,Kijak, Gustavo H.,Bradfield, Andrea,Crossler, Jacqueline,Arroyo, Miguel A.,Maboko, Leonard,Hoffmann, Oliver,Geis, Steffen,Birx, Deborah L.,Kim, Jerome H. MARY ANN LIEBERT INC PUBL 2017 AIDS RESEARCH AND HUMAN RETROVIRUSES Vol.33 No.4

<P><B>Abstract</B></P><P>In preparation for vaccine trials, HIV-1 genetic diversity was surveyed between 2002 and 2006 through the Cohort Development study in the form of a retrospective and prospective observational study in and around the town of Mbeya in Tanzania's Southwest Highlands. This study describes the molecular epidemiology of HIV-1 strains obtained from 97 out of 106 incident HIV-1 infections identified in three subpopulations of participants (one rural, two urban) from the Mbeya area. Near full-genome or half-genome sequencing showed a subtype distribution of 40% C, 17% A1, 1% D, and 42% inter-subtype recombinants. Compared to viral subtyping results previously obtained from the retrospective phase of this study, the overall proportion of incident viral strains did not change greatly during the study course, suggesting maturity of the epidemic. A comparison to a current Phase I-II vaccine being tested in Africa shows ∼17% amino acid sequence difference between the gp120 of the vaccine and subtype C incident strains. Phylogenetic and recombinant breakpoint analysis of the incident strains revealed the emergence of CRF41_CD and many unique recombinants, as well as the presence of six local transmission networks most of which were confined to the rural subpopulation. In the context of vaccine cohort selection, these results suggest distinct infection transmission dynamics within these three geographically close subpopulations. The diversity and genetic sequences of the HIV-1 strains obtained during this study will greatly contribute to the planning, immunogen selection, and analysis of vaccine-induced immune responses observed during HIV-1 vaccine trials in Tanzania and neighboring countries.</P>

Australia-Korea Cultural Relations

BILL BARKER The Academy of Korean Studies 1982 Korea Journal Vol.22 No.1