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The effects of construction related costs on the optimization of steel frames
Choi, Byoung-Han,Gupta, Abhinav,Baugh, John W. Jr. Techno-Press 2012 Structural Engineering and Mechanics, An Int'l Jou Vol.43 No.1
This paper presents a computational study that explores the design of rigid steel frames by considering construction related costs. More specifically, two different aspects are investigated in this study focusing on the effects of (a) reducing the number of labor intensive rigid connections within a frame of given geometric layout, and (b) reducing the number of different member section types used in the frame. A genetic algorithm based optimization framework searches design space for these objectives. Unlike some studies that express connection cost as a factor of the entire frame weight, here connections and their associated cost factors are explicitly represented at the member level to evaluate the cost of connections associated with each beam. In addition, because variety in member section types can drive up construction related costs, its effects are evaluated implicitly by generating curves that show the trade off between cost and different numbers of section types used within the frame. Our results show that designs in which all connections are considered to be rigid can be excessively conservative: rigid connections can often be eliminated without any appreciable increase in frame weight, resulting in a reduction in overall cost. Eliminating additional rigid connections leads to further reductions in cost, even as frame weight increases, up to a certain point. These complex relationships between overall cost, rigid connections, and member section types are presented for a representative five-story steel frame.
The effects of construction related costs on the optimization of steel frames
Byoung-Han Choi,Abhinav Gupta,John W. Baugh Jr. 국제구조공학회 2012 Structural Engineering and Mechanics, An Int'l Jou Vol.43 No.1
This paper presents a computational study that explores the design of rigid steel frames by considering construction related costs. More specifically, two different aspects are investigated in this study focusing on the effects of (a) reducing the number of labor intensive rigid connections within a frame of given geometric layout, and (b) reducing the number of different member section types used in the frame. A genetic algorithm based optimization framework searches design space for these objectives. Unlike some studies that express connection cost as a factor of the entire frame weight, here connections and their associated cost factors are explicitly represented at the member level to evaluate the cost of connections associated with each beam. In addition, because variety in member section types can drive up construction related costs, its effects are evaluated implicitly by generating curves that show the trade off between cost and different numbers of section types used within the frame. Our results show that designs in which all connections are considered to be rigid can be excessively conservative: rigid connections can often be eliminated without any appreciable increase in frame weight, resulting in a reduction in overall cost. Eliminating additional rigid connections leads to further reductions in cost, even as frame weight increases, up to a certain point. These complex relationships between overall cost, rigid connections, and member section types are presented for a representative five-story steel frame.
Steven D. Fenster,David I. Fountain,Lindsey Knapp,Keith Baugh,Mason Posner 한국유전학회 2016 Genes & Genomics Vol.38 No.5
Piccolo is an organizational component of the presynaptic active zone, a specialized region of nerve terminals where synaptic vesicles fuse and release their neurotransmitter contents. Alternative splicing (AS) of the mouse Piccolo gene (PCLO) produces two primary splice isoforms: isoform-1 that includes two C2 domains (C2A and C2B) and isoform-2 with only C2A. Genome-wide association studies have identified variations located in or near the C2A domain of human Piccolo that predispose individuals to affective disorders and in rare cases leads to altered brain development. In zebrafish a genome duplication event led to the generation of PCLO-a and PCLO-b: gene paralogs that display strikingly similar genomic organization with other PCLO orthologs. Given this conservation in genomic structure, it is likely that AS patterns of zebrafish PCLO paralogs are similar to mammalian PCLO. We used a RT-PCR strategy to identify four zebrafish isoforms generated from zebrafish PCLO-a and PCLO-b that are equivalent to mouse Piccolo isoform-1 and isoform-2. Additionally, we identified an exon skipping event that leads to exclusion of a 27 nucleotide exon in both zebrafish Piccolo-a and Piccolo-b. Elimination of this exon in mammalian Piccolo alters the calcium binding property of the C2A domain. We also measured transcriptional levels of mouse and zebrafish Piccolo splice variants and demonstrate that despite similarities in AS, there are quantitative differences in gene expression. Our results indicate that AS of Piccolo is similar across diverse taxa and further support the use of zebrafish to study the role of Piccolo in neurodevelopment and synaptic signaling.