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Modelling of tension-stiffening in bending RC elements based on equivalent stiffness of the rebar
Torres, Lluis,Barris, Cristina,Kaklauskas, Gintaris,Gribniak, Viktor Techno-Press 2015 Structural Engineering and Mechanics, An Int'l Jou Vol.53 No.5
The contribution of tensioned concrete between cracks (tension-stiffening) cannot be ignored when analysing deformation of reinforced concrete elements. The tension-stiffening effect is crucial when it comes to adequately estimating the load-deformation response of steel reinforced concrete and the more recently appeared fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) reinforced concrete. This paper presents a unified methodology for numerical modelling of the tension-stiffening effect in steel as well as FRP reinforced flexural members using the concept of equivalent deformation modulus and the smeared crack approach to obtain a modified stress-strain relation of the reinforcement. A closed-form solution for the equivalent secant modulus of deformation of the tensioned reinforcement is proposed for rectangular sections taking the Eurocode 2 curvature prediction technique as the reference. Using equations based on general principles of structural mechanics, the main influencing parameters are obtained. It is found that the ratio between the equivalent stiffness and the initial stiffness basically depends on the product of the modular ratio and reinforcement ratio ($n{\rho}$), the effective-to-total depth ratio (d/h), and the level of loading. The proposed methodology is adequate for numerical modelling of tension-stiffening for different FRP and steel reinforcement, under both service and ultimate conditions. Comparison of the predicted and experimental data obtained by the authors indicates that the proposed methodology is capable to adequately model the tension-stiffening effect in beams reinforced with FRP or steel bars within wide range of loading.
Modelling of tension-stiffening in bending RC elements based on equivalent stiffness of the rebar
Lluis Torres,Cristina Barris,Gintaris Kaklauskas,Viktor Gribniak 국제구조공학회 2015 Structural Engineering and Mechanics, An Int'l Jou Vol.53 No.5
The contribution of tensioned concrete between cracks (tension-stiffening) cannot be ignoredwhen analysing deformation of reinforced concrete elements. The tension-stiffening effect is crucial when itcomes to adequately estimating the load-deformation response of steel reinforced concrete and the morerecently appeared fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) reinforced concrete. This paper presents a unifiedmethodology for numerical modelling of the tension-stiffening effect in steel as well as FRP reinforcedflexural members using the concept of equivalent deformation modulus and the smeared crack approach toobtain a modified stress-strain relation of the reinforcement. A closed-form solution for the equivalent secantmodulus of deformation of the tensioned reinforcement is proposed for rectangular sections taking theEurocode 2 curvature prediction technique as the reference. Using equations based on general principles ofstructural mechanics, the main influencing parameters are obtained. It is found that the ratio between theequivalent stiffness and the initial stiffness basically depends on the product of the modular ratio andreinforcement ratio (nρ), the effective-to-total depth ratio (d/h), and the level of loading. The proposedmethodology is adequate for numerical modelling of tension-stiffening for different FRP and steelreinforcement, under both service and ultimate conditions. Comparison of the predicted and experimentaldata obtained by the authors indicates that the proposed methodology is capable to adequately model thetension-stiffening effect in beams reinforced with FRP or steel bars within wide range of loading.
Commercial vs Free E-resources for English Language Teachers
Barry Natusch 한국멀티미디어언어교육학회 2004 멀티미디어 언어교육 Vol.7 No.1
Natusch, Barry. (2004). Commercial vs Free E-resources for English Language Teachers. Multimedia-Assisted Language Learning, 7(1), xx∼xx. The issue of paid-for and free services in an information and communication context is receiving a lot of attention recently, particularly with the publicity surrounding notions of intellectual property and piracy. Definitions of commercial, shareware and freeware are discussed. A selection of commercial and free e-resources for teaching, administrating and researching useful for English teachers is presented and their respective strengths and weaknesses highlighted. The survey concludes by showing that trends emerging among commercial and free ELT resources suggest that while many mainstream applications are freely or cheaply obtainable, certain specialist items are still only available through commercial channels.
Indoor Channel Characteristics for Visible Light Communications
Kwonhyung Lee,Hyuncheol Park,Barry, J R IEEE 2011 IEEE communications letters Vol.15 No.2
<P>In this letter, we present indoor multipath dispersion characteristics for visible light communications (VLC). Since the VLC uses a wide spectrum between 380 nm and 780 nm, the conventional narrowband model for infrared may not apply. We generalize the Barry's model by including wavelength-dependent white LED characteristics and spectral reflectance of indoor reflectors. We perform a computer simulation to compare the power delay profile of the VLC with that of infrared communications. From our studies, we show that the VLC provides a larger transmission bandwidth than infrared communications.</P>
Numeral classifiers in Korean -ki nominalizations
Michael Barrie(Michael Barrie ),정희련(Heeryun Chung),안덕호(Duk-Ho An) 경희대학교 언어정보연구소 2022 언어연구 Vol.39 No.3
This paper discusses the structure of numeral classifiers in two types of Korean -ki nominalizations. In the first type (NOM-ki), the object is a full KP, and the properties of numeral classifiers are identical to those of any full KP nominal. In the second type (GEN-ki), the object is a bare nP, and is missing the functional structure necessary for hosting numeral classifiers. As such, the numeral classifier simply adjoins to nP and gives rise to idiosyncratic or culturally relevant readings only. We argue that the Div head is part of the functional spine in Korean. Div is responsible for making the nP countable and able to semantically compose with the numeral classifier. In a full KP object (in NOM-ki), Div is present, and the numeral classifier composes Div+nP, giving rise to standard counting semantics. In a bare nP object (in GEN-ki), Div is absent. The numeral classifier cannot semantically compose with nP. We argue, following Harley (2009), that a non-compositional meaning can arise akin to compounds.
Barry, Jeffrey,Fritz, Michelle,Brender, Jeffrey R.,Smith, Pieter E. S.,Lee, Dong-Kuk,Ramamoorthy, Ayyalusamy American Chemical Society 2009 JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY - Vol.131 No.12
<P>Curcumin is the active ingredient of turmeric powder, a natural spice used for generations in traditional medicines. Curcumin's broad spectrum of antioxidant, anticarcinogenic, antimutagenic, and anti-inflammatory properties makes it particularly interesting for the development of pharmaceutical compounds. Because of curcumin's various effects on the function of numerous unrelated membrane proteins, it has been suggested that it affects the properties of the bilayer itself. However, a detailed atomic-level study of the interaction of curcumin with membranes has not been attempted. A combination of solid-state NMR and differential scanning calorimetry experiments shows curcumin has a strong effect on membrane structure at low concentrations. Curcumin inserts deep into the membrane in a transbilayer orientation, anchored by hydrogen bonding to the phosphate group of lipids in a manner analogous to cholesterol. Like cholesterol, curcumin induces segmental ordering in the membrane. Analysis of the concentration dependence of the order parameter profile derived from NMR results suggests curcumin forms higher order oligomeric structures in the membrane that span and likely thin the bilayer. Curcumin promotes the formation of the highly curved inverted hexagonal phase, which may influence exocytotic and membrane fusion processes within the cell. The experiments outlined here show promise for understanding the action of other drugs such as capsaicin in which drug-induced alterations of membrane structure have strong pharmacological effects.</P>