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Economic evaluation of thorium oxide production from monazite using alkaline fusion method
Udayakumar, Sanjith,Baharun, Norlia,Rezan, Sheikh Abdul,Ismail, Aznan Fazli,Takip, Khaironie Mohamed Korean Nuclear Society 2021 Nuclear Engineering and Technology Vol.53 No.7
Monazite is a phosphate mineral that contains thorium (Th) and rare earth elements. The Th concentration in monazite can be as high as 500 ppm, and it has the potential to be used as fuel in the nuclear power system. Therefore, this study aimed to conduct the techno-economic analysis (TEA) of Th extraction in the form of thorium oxide (ThO<sub>2</sub>) from monazite. Th can be extracted from monazite through an alkaline fusion method. The TEA of ThO<sub>2</sub> production studied parameters, including raw materials, equipment costs, total plant direct and indirect costs, and direct fixed capital cost. These parameters were calculated for the production of 0.5, 1, and 10 ton ThO<sub>2</sub> per batch. The TEA study revealed that the highest production cost was ascribed to installed equipment. Furthermore, the highest return on investment (ROI) of 21.92% was achieved for extraction of 1 ton/batch of ThO<sub>2</sub>, with a payback time of 4.56 years. With further increase in ThO<sub>2</sub> production to 10 ton/batch, the ROI was decreased to 5.37%. This is mainly due to a significant increase in the total capital investment with increasing ThO<sub>2</sub> production scale. The minimum unit production cost was achieved for 1 ton ThO<sub>2</sub>/batch equal to 335.79 $/Kg ThO<sub>2</sub>.
Kamar Shah Ariffin,Jimoh Abdullateef Onimisi,Roniza Ismail,Norlia Baharun,Hashim Bin Hussin 한국화학공학회 2016 Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering Vol.33 No.9
Various techniques and approaches have been designed to synthesize precipitated calcium carbonate. We used a continuous sprayed-mist technique that induced spontaneous precipitation reaction of the droplets with the higher surface area when in contact with the gas. The effects of optimum reactant concentration, gas flow rate, and reactant feeding rate including reaction conditions were investigated. The effectiveness of the techniques was scrutinized by analyzing the resultant PCC characteristics, especially the particle phase morphology and size distribution using XRD, FTIR, and SEM. The variation of initial concentration of milk of lime with different gas flow rate was studied. Experimental results, as well as XRD and FTIR, indicated that all the products produced were favorable for the formation of calcite. SEM revealed that the morphologies of PCC were all rhombohedral and tended to adhere to each other (twinning). It was found that production of PCC by using spray-mist method is suitable for lower initial concentration of Ca(OH)2 and higher gas flow rate only.