Estimation of Lower Jaw Density using CT data

Jargalsaikhan, Ariunbold,Sengee, Nyamlkhagva,Telue, Berekjan,Ochirkhvv, Sambuu Korea Multimedia Society 2019 The journal of multimedia information system Vol.6 No.2

Bone density is one of the factors in the early failure of dental implants and doctors should make a preoperative assessment of jaw bone density using patient's CT data before dental implant surgery in order to find out whether the patient has osteoporosis and osteopenia. The main goal of this study was to propose a method that based on image processing techniques in order to provide accurate information about where to drill and place an abutment screw of implants in the jaw bone for doctors and reduce human activity for the estimation of the local cancellous bone density of mandible using CT data. The experiment was performed on a computed tomography data of the jaw bone of two different individuals. We assumed that the result of the estimation of jaw bone density depends on the angle of drilling and average HU (Hounsfield Unit) values were used to evaluate the quality of local cancellous bone density of mandible. As a result of this study, we have been developed a toolbox that can be used to estimate jaw bone density automatically and found a positive correlation between the angle of the drill and time complexity but a negative correlation between the diameter of the drill and time complexity.

Molecular phylogenetic analysis of bats in the family Vespertilionidae in Mongolia

Ariunbold Jargalsaikhan,Bilguun Ariunbold,Munkhnast Dalannast,Erdenetushig Purevee,백운기,Khongorzul Tsagaan,Onolragchaa Ganbold 국립중앙과학관 2022 Journal of Asia-Pacific Biodiversity Vol.15 No.3

Bat species in Mongolia have received a relatively low conservation priority compared to avian and other mammalian species. This might partially result from their understudied ecologies, distributions, and population sizes in Mongolia. Additionally, Mongolia hosts a relatively small assembly of bat species. In this study, we investigated the genetic characteristics of 14 species of bats (n ¼ 61) from six genera (Myotis, Vespertilio, Eptesicus, Hypsugo, Plecotus, and Murina) sing a 598 bp long mitochondrial DNA cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 gene. We reconstructed Maximum likelihood and Bayesian-inference trees, together with estimated molecular divergence times on nodes of interest using an HKY ubstitution model. Our findings clearly showed four distinct clades (IeIV). Through the partial fragment mitochondrial DNA cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 gene, 26 haplotypes (Hd ¼ 0.94 0.0001) were identified overall from 61 ndividuals. We estimated a divergence time of 31.71e55.84 mya (95% highest posterior density (HPD)) on the node of clade I (genus Myotis) and the other three clades (other genera). Interestingly, in clade II, we no longer considered animals in haplotype 2 (H2) of Hypsugo alaschanicus as H. alaschanicus. Instead, this haplotype was recently described as H. stubbei. Additional molecular genetic studies are required to clarify intraspecific divergences of some vesper bats in Mongolia, particularly, M. ikonnikovi, M. davidii, H. alaschanicus, and P. ognevi.

Globally threatened birds in Mongolia: a review

Onolragchaa Ganbold,Munkhbaatar Munkhbayar,백인환,빙기창,Ariunbold Jargalsaikhan,Erdenetushig Purevee,백운기 국립중앙과학관 2017 Journal of Asia-Pacific Biodiversity Vol.10 No.4

This paper reviews status of globally threatened birds (GTBs) in Mongolia. Here, we review 26 GTBs from eight orders. In addition, we summarize 10 GTBs recorded during our 2016 field surveys. Swan Geese were most numerous and most frequently sighted of the GTBs with mean 33.8 ± 54.1 counted birds. The Mongolian avifauna survey assessed 476 species of 19 different orders. Twenty-six (5.1%) out of 476 species are listed in the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List as GTBs. In addition, there is still a huge lack of investigation for GTBs (indeed, all avifauna) of Mongolia.

An avifaunal survey of middle Mongolian wetlands: Important Bird Areas and threatened species

Onolragchaa Ganbold,빙기창,이준헌,Munkhbaatar Munkhbayar,백인환,Ariunbold Jargalsaikhan,Erdenetushig Purevee,Zoljargal Purevdorj,백운기 국립중앙과학관 2018 Journal of Asia-Pacific Biodiversity Vol.11 No.3

The objectives of this study were (a) to assess the avifaunal diversity variation among covered wetland habitats in middle Mongolia and (b) to identify threats that might endanger the avifauna at the these wetlands. Surveys were undertaken at 14 wetlands across middle Mongolia, consecutively in May, July, and September 2017. A total of 70 Important Bird Areas (IBAs) were identified in Mongolia; among these IBAs, 44 sites (68%) were based on wetland habitat, including our study sites. In this study, 192 bird species belonging to 94 genera for a total of 132,582 birds from 14 wetlands were recorded. Within total recorded species, 95 species (49.7% of total) of waterbirds belonged to six orders and accounted for 97% of total birds counted. Nine globally threatened bird (GTB) species were recorded; among these, common pochard (Aythya ferina) and swan geese (Anser cygnoides) were recorded with the greatest abundances 3,296 and 3,260, respectively. More livestock overgrazing and prolonged drought were natural phenomena recorded as crucial threats to the birds at the study sites. Our findings highlight the need for habitat management around estuaries.

Low genetic variation of cinereous vultures (Aegypius monachus) revealed by the mitochondrial COI gene in central Mongolia

Onolragchaa Ganbold,빙기창,Munkhbaatar Munkhbayar,백운기,Erdenetushig Purevee,Namsrai Jargal,Rentsen Oyunbat,Ariunbold Jargalsaikhan 국립중앙과학관 2021 Journal of Asia-Pacific Biodiversity Vol.14 No.1

The cinereous vulture Aegypius monachus is considered as the largest species among old world’s vultures,and it is also recognized as the important part of any ecosystem, as cleaner of dead animals with naturaland non-natural mortality. We investigated genetic characteristics of the cinereous vulture (n ¼ 39)using 738 base-pair (bp) long cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene in mitochondrial DNA. Theobserved overall haplotype (Hd) and nucleotide (Pi) diversities were 0.279 0.0079 and 3.9 x 10-3,respectively. Relatively small genetic pairwise FST distance (FST ¼ 0.027) resulted for weak geographicalstructure among studied populations (>95% of total variation due to within population). Conductingmore investigation on species genetic diversity using more appropriate/polymorphic markers is crucialfor better conservation of the cinereous vulture, especially for little known Asian populations.

The avifaunal survey at Important Bird Areas in western Mongolia

Zoljargal Purevdorj,백운기,Munkhbaatar Munkhbayar,Onolragchaa Ganbold,빙기창,Ariunbold Jargalsaikhan,Erdenetushig Purevee,백인환,최원석,Namsrai Jargal,이준우 한국조류학회II 2019 한국조류학회지 Vol.26 No.1

In 2018, the avifaunal surveys at western Mongolian Important Bird Areas (IBAs) were conducted at 23 sites in three times surveys in May, July, and September. Western Mongolian landscape is characterized by diverse natural zones that dominated by a high mountain range and, wetlands or lakes. Therefore, fresh water high mountain lakes and mountain based IBA sites are common in this region. A total of 131,607 individuals of 201 species that belong to 41 families and 17 orders were recorded in this study. Among these order, Passeriformes was accounted for a higher number of species with 78 species, followed by Charadriiformes with 42 species and Falconiformes, Anseriformes with 26 species, respectively. In addition, the majority of counted birds were (42,121) belong to Anseriformes, while Falconiformes was accounted for the fewest number of counted birds (978). Furthermore, a total of 12 Globally Threatened Birds (GTBs) were recorded including, two Endangered and 10 Vulnerable. According to our findings from this investigation, the high abundance of livestock and tourism activities at wetlands that considered as the most valuable avifaunal hotspot in western Mongolia. In addition, findings also revealed that there is still a need monitoring on actual negative impact from these threats to the bird communities at these hotspots.

Avifauna of Mongol Daguur important bird area in Eastern Mongolia

Onolragchaa Ganbold,Gi-Chang Bing,In-Hwan Paik,Erdenetushig Purevee,Munkhbaatar Munkhbayar,Ariunbold Jargalsaikhan,Woon Kee Paek 한국조류학회II 2017 한국조류학회지 Vol.24 No.2

The Mongol Daguur Steppe was established within the Mongolian Protected Areas Network as a Strictly Protected Area in 1992. The steppe is considered one of the world’s outstanding biological ecoregions and Mongol Daguur supports several globally threatened species. The Mongol Daguur Steppe’s avifauna remains poorly investigated, despite some research over the past two centuries. Foreign scientists, especially Russians, conducted studies on the basic avifauna of the reserve (indeed, all of Mongolia) in the 19th and 20th Centuries. We collected data on bird species and the threats in the Mongol Daguur Important Bird Area (IBA; MNO66) for 9 days, consisted of 3 days from May, July and Septemer of 2016. Our avifauna study in the area covered 13 small to moderate sized lakes. A total of 111, 65, and 90 species were recorded in May, July, and September, respectively. The most dominant species were the Common Shelduck Tadorna tadorna, with 3,452 individuals in 33 groups; the Common Pochard Aythya ferina with 2,161 counted birds in 11 groups, and the Swan Goose Anser cygnoides, with 643 counted birds in 19 groups. The prolonged drought was strongly affected for drying out of small salty lakes in our study sites, 3 totally dried out lakes were recorded. In addition, poor to moderate strength of impact from livestock husbandry at the wetlands.

Phylogenetic relationships of graylings (Thymallus, Linck, 1790) in Mongolia based on mitochondrial DNA

Onolragchaa Ganbold,Erdenetushig Purevee,Tuvshinlkhagva Amartuvshin,장지은,Khongorzul Tsagaan,Ariunbold Jargalsaikhan 국립중앙과학관 2024 Journal of Asia-Pacific Biodiversity Vol.17 No.1

Local to large-scale phylogenetic studies of freshwater fishes, especially groups with controversialwithin-genus diversity (e.g., Thymallus Linck, 1790), are crucial to understanding their phylogeneticstatuses. We examined the phylogenetic relationships and evolutionary divergence of species in thegenus Thymallus (grayling) in Mongolia using mitochondrial DNA. In this study, we used 124 samplesfrom 15 sites in rivers and lakes in the western, northern, and eastern parts of Mongolia to clarify theirphylogenetic relationships. Our Bayesian inference and maximum likelihood trees support the existenceof seven species of graylings in Mongolia, including Thymallus brevirostris, Thymallus nigrescens, Thy mallus svetovidovi, Thymallus grubii, Thymallus arcticus, and new for the country Thymallus brevicephalusand Thymallus baicalensis. We observed relatively close sister species relationships of T. brevirostris andT. brevicephalus (p distance: 0.4%), as well as T. nigrescens and T. baicalensis (p distance: 0.5%). We also rana time-calibrated phylogenetic tree to trace evolutionary divergence between species and found adivergence time ranging from 0.87 to 7.24 million years ago. Better knowledge of within-genus diversityof fish in the rivers of Mongolia (including the upstream portions of larger river drainages and lakes thatgraylings populate) is key to further conservation of these species.

Globally threatened birds in Mongolia: a review

Ganbold, Onolragchaa,Munkhbayar, Munkhbaatar,Paik, In-Hwan,Bing, Gi-Chang,Jargalsaikhan, Ariunbold,Purevee, Erdenetushig,Peak, Woon Kee Elsevier Science B.V. Amsterdam 2017 Journal of Asia-Pacific biodiversity(Online) Vol.10 No.4

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>This paper reviews status of globally threatened birds (GTBs) in Mongolia. Here, we review 26 GTBs from eight orders. In addition, we summarize 10 GTBs recorded during our 2016 field surveys. Swan Geese were most numerous and most frequently sighted of the GTBs with mean 33.8 ± 54.1 counted birds. The Mongolian avifauna survey assessed 476 species of 19 different orders. Twenty-six (5.1%) out of 476 species are listed in the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List as GTBs. In addition, there is still a huge lack of investigation for GTBs (indeed, all avifauna) of Mongolia.</P>

Reversed sexual size dimorphism: body size patterns in sexes of lesser kestrels (Falco naumanni) in the Ikh Nart Nature Reserve, Mongolia

Onolragchaa Ganbold,Richard P. Reading,Ganchimeg J. Wingard,백운기,Purevsuren Tsolmonjav,Ariunbold Jargalsaikhan,Otgontsetseg Khuderchuluun,John Azua 국립중앙과학관 2019 Journal of Asia-Pacific Biodiversity Vol.12 No.3

In normal sexual size dimorphism, males generally possess larger body sizes than females in vertebrates, especially birds, mammals, and some reptiles. However, most birds of prey from the orders Falconiformes and Strigiformes have reversed sexual dimorphism (RSD) in body size (i.e., females larger than males). We investigated the degree of RSD in lesser kestrels (Falco naumanni), a small falcon breeding in Mongolia, which may contribute to a better understanding of body size variation based on gender for other birds of prey that do not have plumage dimorphism. We explored the degree of RSD between male and female lesser kestrels in a semidesert region of Mongolia by capturing and measuring 79 males and 83 females during the breeding seasons of 2007 through 2016. Our 10 years of data showed that females were significantly larger than males in five of nine measurements, with an especially high degree of RSD in body weight and bill measurements. For males, we found significant relationships between body weight and both tail length and wingspan, but no significant relationships for females. Our results support previous hypotheses raised to explain RSD in birds of prey.