Genetics in natural polyploidy in loach

Arai, Katsutoshi 한국어류학회 1995 韓國魚類學會誌 Vol.7 No.2

Loaches widely distribute in the Eurasian Continent and are important for food both in Japan and Korea. Chromosome manipulation including induction of gynogenesis, androgenesis, and polyploidy is powerful tool for potential applications in aquaculture as well as for basic genetic research. The loach Misgrunus anguillicaudatus in Japan has a diploid karyotype(2n=50), but a small number of natural polyploidy have been found. In diploid vertebrates, artificially induced gynogenesis and androgenesis normally give rise to inviable haploid embryos, In contrast, gynogenetic and androgenetic progeny generated by using gametes of the natural tetraploid loach with 100 chromosomes were viable without any treatments for chromosome duplication. The results conclusively demonstrate that the loach with 100 chromosomes is not an evolved-back diploidy, but a true tetraploidy with four sets of homologous chromosomes, The same conclusion was obtained in the tetraploid form of spinous loach Cobitis biwae. Triploid loach produced by hybridizations between normal diploids and natural tetraploids showed male - sterility. While, triploid females laid two sizes of eggs, large and small, and gave viable progeny after backcrossing to normal diploid loach and chromosome manipulation(induced gynogenesis by UV - irradiated spermatozoa and inhibition of the second polar body release by pressure shock). Cytogenetic and flowcytometric analyses on these progeny demonstrate that triploid loach produce 3n large and 1n small eggs. Multilocus - DNA - fingerprintind revealed clonal nature of gynogenetic triploids which were produced by fertilizing the large eggs with UV - irradiated spematozoa. This suggests involvement of unreduced oogenesis in the formation of the large eggs. Cytology and biochemical genetics are now underway to disclose mechanisms responsible for the small egg formation. Pentaploid females produced by inhibiting the polar body release after 4n × 2n hybridizations laid only 2n eggs with medium size. Pentaploid males produced very small number of aneuploid spermatozoa. Hexaploid loach were produced by inhibiting the polar body release after 4n × 4n crosses. Flowcytometry of the testes of hexaploid males showed formation of functuonal 3n spermatozoa. The presence of polyploid in the loach species suggests specially divierged sex determination mechanisms. Deviation of sex from the theoretical ratio was observed when the loach were reared in unusually high temperature.

Streptococcus pneumoniae Isolates from Middle Ear Fluid and Nasopharynx of Children with Acute Otitis Media Exhibit Phase Variation

Arai, J.,Hotomi, M.,Hollingshead, S.K.,Ueno, Y.,Briles, D.E.,Yamanaka, N. AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MICROBIOLOGY 2011 Journal of clinical microbiology Vol.49 No.4

Effect of the settings of electrospray deposition method on the structure and performance of the fuel cell catalyst layer

Arai Hikaru,Asami Koki,Ito Hajime,Katayama Noboru 한국물리학회 2022 Current Applied Physics Vol.39 No.-

Catalyst layers of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) are formed by electrospray deposition (ESD) method. The cathode catalyst layers are formed and characterized by varying the settings of the system, such as flow rate, applied voltage and the distance between the capillary and the substrate. The dryness of the aggregates during deposition is evaluated using the Damkh¨oler number (Da), and the structure of the catalyst layer is observed using SEM, which shows that the catalyst layer is porous when dry and non-porous when insufficiently dry. In the case of insufficient drying, the structure changed significantly depending on the position. Single cell tests show that the maximum power density varies from 105 to 253 mWcm-2 depending on the settings, even with the same catalyst ink and the same amount of platinum. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy shows that the charge transfer and mass transport resistances tend to decrease with increase in Da.

Quality assurance and regulation of Kampo medicines

ARAI Ichiro 大韓藥學會 2012 大韓藥學會 總會 및 學術大會 Vol.2012 No.1

In-line Automatic Defect Repair System for TFT-LCD Production

Arai, Takeshi,Nakasu, Nobuaki,Yoshimura, Kazushi,Edamura, Tadao The Korean Infomation Display Society 2009 Journal of information display Vol.10 No.4

An automated circuit repair system was developed for enhancing the yield of nondefective liquid crystal panels, focusing on the resist patterns on the circuit material layer of thin-film transistor (TFT) substrates prior to etching. The developed system has an advantage over the parallel conventional system: In the former, the repair conditions depend on the type of resist whereas in the latter, the repair parameters must be fine-tuned for each circuit material. The developed system consists of a resist pattern defect inspection system and a pattern repair system for short and open defects. The repair system performs fine corrections of abnormal areas of the resist pattern. The open-repair system is equipped with a syringe to dispense resist. To maintain a stable resist diameter, a thermal insulator was installed in the syringe system. As a result, the diameter of the dispensed resist became much more stable than when no thermal insulator was used. The resist diameter was kept within the target of $400{\pm}100{\mu}m$. Furthermore, a prototype system was constructed, and using a dummy pattern, it was confirmed that the system worked automatically and correctly.

Development of a Small Isotonic Ozone Water Generator

Arai K,Hosoya M,Sasao M,Akashi Y,Hirose H,Yoneyama T,Tamaki T,Miyazaki T,Ando N 대한치과재료학회 2011 대한치과기재학회 학술대회 Vol.2011 No.5

Revascularization to the bone tunnel wall after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction may relate to the distance from the vessels

Arai Yuji,Hara Kunio,Inoue Hiroaki,Kanamura Hitoshi,Nakagawa Shuji,Atsumi Satoru,Mikami Yasuo 대한슬관절학회 2020 대한슬관절학회지 Vol.32 No.-

We use magnetic resonance angiography to evaluate the difference of vascular ingrowth to the bone tunnel on the anterior and posterior walls quantitatively after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.One hundred patients underwent anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with multi-stranded semitendinosus tendons. They were retrospectively divided into those who underwent magnetic resonance angiography 2, 3, 4 to 6, and ≥ 7 months after surgery. The mean signal-to-noise ratios of the bone tunnel walls in the femur and tibia from the digital data were measured and compared for the anterior and posterior walls.The signal-to-noise ratio of the posterior wall of the femoral bone tunnel was significantly higher than that of the anterior wall in each group. On the tibial side, the signal-to-noise ratio of the anterior wall was significantly higher than that of the posterior wall at ≥4 months after surgery.This study showed that the blood flow after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction to the femoral bone tunnel is maintained from the posterior wall, and is maintained to the tibial side from the anterior wall 4 months postoperatively. Revascularization to the bone tunnel wall after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction may relate to the distance from the vessels.

근대 오노매토피어의 형태와 의미를 중심으로 한 고찰 -근세부터 현대까지의 변천과정을 중심으로-

( Arai Rie ) 한국일어교육학회 2012 일본어교육연구 Vol.0 No.23

本論文は近世から現代にかけて形態的意味的に變化していったオノマトペを、近世から近代と、近代から現代に分けて考察したものである。まず、近世から近代への移り變わりでは近世語と形態が異なるものを考察したところ、「り」の脫落を遂げたもの、母音交換したもの、合拗音の直音化したものが見られた。また近世語と意味が異なるものにおいては「どつさり」「ぎつしり」「むしやくしや」を中心に現代の意味に變化していく過程を考察できた。次に、近代に見られる擬情語の特徵においては、近世の作品の中から拔き出した擬情語の異なり語數は13語なのに對して、近代の文學作品の中でもオノマトペを豊富に使っているとされている德田秋聲の四作品の中で使われている擬情語の異なり語數は23語で增加しているのがわかった。つまり、近世から近代の時代の流れにつれて擬情語の語彙數も增えて、現代語に近づいているのが考察できた。また近代の中で獨自の意味範圍をもっていた「わくわく」についてプラスの意味、マイナスの意味、中立の意味、震える樣子の4つの意味範圍で使われたことを例文を通じて考察した。最後に近代から現代語への移り變わりでは、現代語と形態が異なるものにおいては、近代から現代にかけて形態が變化したオノマトペを考察し、また意味的考察では、獨自の意味範圍をもっていた「まじまじ」を例に考察したところ、近世から續いている「まじまじ」「もじもじ」の意味と形態の混同が近代にもまだ續いていることが確認できた。

Very Early-Onset Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Challenging Field for Pediatric Gastroenterologists

Arai, Katsuhiro The Korean Society of Pediatric Gastroenterology 2020 Pediatric gastroenterology, hepatology & nutrition Vol.23 No.5

With the increasing number of children with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), very early-onset IBD (VEO-IBD), defined as IBD that is diagnosed or that develops before 6 years of age, has become a field of innovation among pediatric gastroenterologists. Advances in genetic testing have enabled the diagnosis of IBD caused by gene mutations, also known as monogenic or Mendelian disorder-associated IBD (MD-IBD), with approximately 60 causative genes reported to date. The diagnosis of VEO-IBD requires endoscopic and histological evaluations. However, satisfactory small bowel imaging studies may not be feasible in this small population. Both genetic and immunological approaches are necessary for the diagnosis of MD-IBD, which can differ among countries according to the available resources. As a result of the use of targeted gene panels covered by the national health insurance and the nationwide research project investigating inborn errors of immunity, an efficient approach for the diagnosis of MD-IBD has been developed in Japan. Proper management of VEO-IBD by pediatric gastroenterologists constitutes a challenge. Some MD-IBDs can be curable by allogenic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. With an understanding of the affected gene functions, targeted therapies are being developed. Social and psychological support systems for both children and their families should also be provided to improve their quality of life. Multidisciplinary team care would contribute to early diagnosis, proper therapeutic interventions, and improved quality of life in patients and their families.

Enhancement of Matrix Metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) as a Potential Chondrogenic Marker during Chondrogenic Differentiation of Human Adipose-Derived Stem Cells

Arai, Yoshie,Park, Sunghyun,Choi, Bogyu,Ko, Kyoung-Won,Choi, Won Chul,Lee, Joong-Myung,Han, Dong-Wook,Park, Hun-Kuk,Han, Inbo,Lee, Jong Hun,Lee, Soo-Hong MDPI 2016 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES Vol.17 No.6

<P>Human adipose-derived stem cells (hASCs) have a capacity to undergo adipogenic, chondrogenic, and osteogenic differentiation. Recently, hASCs were applied to various fields including cell therapy for tissue regeneration. However, it is hard to predict the direction of differentiation of hASCs in real-time. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are one family of proteolytic enzymes that plays a pivotal role in regulating the biology of stem cells. MMPs secreted by hASCs are expected to show different expression patterns depending on the differentiation state of hASCs because biological functions exhibit different patterns during the differentiation of stem cells. Here, we investigated proteolytic enzyme activity, especially MMP-2 activity, in hASCs during their differentiation. The activities of proteolytic enzymes and MMP-2 were higher during chondrogenic differentiation than during adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation. During chondrogenic differentiation, mRNA expression of MMP-2 and the level of the active form of MMP-2 were increased, which also correlated with Col II. It is concluded that proteolytic enzyme activity and the level of the active form of MMP-2 were increased during chondrogenic differentiation, which was accelerated in the presence of Col II protein. According to our findings, MMP-2 could be a candidate maker for real-time detection of chondrogenic differentiation of hASCs.</P>