Narrative review: the evidence for neurotoxicity of dental local anesthetics

Aps, Johan,Badr, Nelly The Korean Dental Society of Anesthsiology 2020 Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine Vol.20 No.2

Dental local anesthesia is performed daily on a global scale. Adverse effects are rare, but the topic of neurotoxicity of local anesthetics deserves to be explored, as publications can be controversial and confusing. Therefore, a need was felt to address and question the evidence for potential neurotoxicity of dental local anesthetics. This review aimed to assess the studies published on the neurotoxicity of dental local anesthetics. A Pubmed^Ⓡ search was conducted between January 2019 and August 2019. This revealed 2802 hits on the topic of neurotoxicity or cytotoxicity of the following anesthetics: lidocaine, prilocaine, mepivacaine, articaine, ropivacaine, and bupivacaine. Only 23 papers were deemed eligible for this review: 17 in vitro studies, 3 reviews and 3 audits of national inquiries. The heterogeneous literature on this topic showed that all dental local anesthetics are potentially neurotoxic in a concentration and/or exposure time fashion. There seems no consensus about what cell lines are to be used to investigate the neurotoxicity of local anesthetics, which makes the comparison between studies difficult and ambiguous. However, the bottom line is that all dental local anesthetics have a neurotoxic potential, but that there is no unanimity in the publications about which local anesthetic is the least or the most neurotoxic.

Efficacy of dental local anesthetics: A review

Badr, Nelly,Aps, Johan The Korean Dental Society of Anesthsiology 2018 Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine Vol.18 No.6

The objective of this review was to investigate the efficacy of dental local anesthetics, as it is well known among clinicians that local anesthesia may be challenging in some circumstances. Therefore, the focus of this review was on the efficacy of the products used in dental local anesthesia. In a Pubmed database literature search conducted, a total of 8646 articles were found to be related to dental local anesthetics. After having applied the inclusion criteria (human research, performed in the last 10 years, written in English language, and focus on dental local anesthetics) and having assessed the quality of the papers, 30 were deemed eligible for inclusion in this review. The conclusion of this review is that none of the dental local anesthetic amides provide 100% anesthesia. The problem appears to be more pronounced when mandibular teeth are attempted to be anaesthetized and especially if there is irreversible pulpitis involved. The authors conclude that this finding suggest exploration of more efficient techniques to administer dental local anesthesia, especially in the mandible, to establish a 100% efficacy, is needed.

Impact of viewing conditions on the performance assessment of different computer monitors used for dental diagnostics

Hastie, Thomas,Venske-Parker, Sascha,Aps, Johan K.M. Korean Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology 2021 Imaging Science in Dentistry Vol.51 No.2

Purpose: This study aimed to assess the computer monitors used for analysis and interpretation of digital radiographs within the clinics of the Oral Health Centre of Western Australia. Materials and Methods: In total, 135 computer monitors(3 brands, 6 models) were assessed by analysing the same radiographic image of a combined 13-step aluminium step wedge and the Artinis CDDent 1.0^® (Artinis Medical Systems B.V.^®, Elst, the Netherlands) test object. The number of steps and cylindrical objects observed on each monitor was recorded along with the monitor's make, model, position relative to the researcher's eye level, and proximity to the nearest window. The number of window panels blocked by blinds, the outside weather conditions, and the number of ceiling lights over the surgical suite/cubicle were also recorded. MedCalc^® version 19.2.1 (MedCalc Software Ltd^®, Ostend, Belgium, https://www.medcalc.org; 2020) was used for statistical analyses(Kruskal-Wallis test and stepwise regression analysis). The level of significance was set at P<0.05. Results: Stepwise regression analysis showed that only the monitor brand and proximity of the monitor to a window had a significant impact on the monitor's performance (P<0.05). The Kruskal-Wallis test showed significant differences (P<0.05) in monitor performance for all variables investigated, except for the weather and the clinic in which the monitors were placed. Conclusion: The vast performance variation present between computer monitors implies the need for a review of monitor selection, calibration, and viewing conditions.

THE SUSTAINABLE BRAND EQUITY MODEL. A RETAIL STUDY MEASURING SUSTAINABLE BRAND EQUITY

Tony Apéria,Christian Persson 글로벌지식마케팅경영학회 2018 Global Marketing Conference Vol.2018 No.07

Introduction Aim Research in the Swedish retail sector 2017, shows that 37% of the public in Sweden has attitudes and behavior that make them part of the Lifestyle of Health and Sustainability group (Lohas). Lohas is a method (see Lohas.se) to measure sustainable living in a global context (Swedish Sustainability Ranking 2017). This make Sweden in the forefront. Furthermore, the Swedish government has issued a new law (entered into force in 2017) that demands Swedish companies with more than 250 employees or a certain turnover to annually report their sustainability efforts and how it connects to their business model. This is the background for our study investigating different industry sectors in Sweden. In this environment, retailers such as IKEA, Apoteket, Max Burger, Clas Ohlson, and H&M, followed by others, have gained recognition regarding their strong brands as well as good practice within sustainability. Sustainability has recently become more relevant to study. In Sweden repeated surveys, (2004-2017), have shown that Swedish retailers are perceived as the most reputable and sustainable of all companies. What is the background that makes retailers so trusted and sustainable among the general public and customers in Sweden? The purpose of this paper is to present and analyze the underlying factors which give retailers in Sweden such a high sustainability scores over time i.e. what factors are important to achieve sustainable brand equity in the Swedish retail sector. A detailed comparison will be made of two large surveys carried out in 2016 and 2017. Design/methodology/approach This paper explores the branding framework Customer-Based Brand Equity as well as Points of Difference (POD) and Points of Parity (POP) in a projective retailer sustainability perspective, Keller, Apéria and Georgson (2012). The overall customer brand equity framework is developed by Keller (1993). PODs is defined as unique associations, strong and favorable, linked to a brand. POPs are associations that can be shared with other brands, Keller, Sternthal, and Tybout (2002). Ailawadi and Keller (2004) discuss the importance of measuring retailer brand equity. According to the researchers brand equity has been one of the most challenging and important issues for both academics and managers. The chosen framework and the analysis for the study is the corporate brand level. A sustainability index, developed by Apéria, has been developed and tested during the period 2015-2017. The sustainability index measures four dimensions of sustainability: environment/climate, society/ethics, longterm/future perspective, and openness (see figure 1). The index is inspired by the Triple bottom line approach. The data comes from the Swedish Sustainability Ranking, the largest survey on sustainability in Sweden. More than 18,000 online surveys were carried out in 2016 and 25,000 surveys carried out in 2017. The panelists participating in the survey were recruited in order to be representative of the Swedish general public, age 18-74 years. 190 well-known and visible consumer companies were measured in 2016 and 200 companies and organizations in 2017. These companies were selected because they are well-known, salient and represent important categories from a consumer point of view. Our view of salience is based on Ehrenberg, Barnard and Scriven (1997). A pre-study was carried out in 2015 in order to understand consumer criterias for choice of retailer. In 2016, 32 retailers where measured in a specific retailer frame of reference. 4,225 surveys where carried out among general public who participated in the study. In the 2017 survey, 35 retailers were measured and 3,416 surveys were carried out, also in a retailer frame of reference targeting the general public. All respondents taking part in the study initially ranked companies with product, brand, and sustainability attributes. The respondents ranked these retailers with approximately 35 brand- attitude questions (Likert scale from 1-7). In the second part of the interview each respondent also indirectly, through a projective approach, described the retailer. The perspective of reputation and sustainability metrics has traditionally been used in a strict rational point of view. One example of reputation metrics is the RepTrak model described by Fombrun, Ponzi, and Newburry (2015), and van Riel (2012). Chun and Davies (2004) and J. Aaker (1997) have also discussed corporate character and brand personality from a rational point of view. Ailawadi and Keller (2004) have pointed out that brand personality as an area deserves greater attention from research. The authors of this article argue that a complementary perspective is needed to fully understand how consumers evaluate corporate brands and sustainability and the complexity behind this process. The authors propose to add emotional components in the evaluation, as a complement to the traditional rational view. The proposed way to understand the emotional side of a corporate brand is to use projective techniques (Apéria 2001, Apéria and Back 2004, Keller, Apéria and Georgson 2012). An advantage of projective techniques is that they may elicit responses that respondents may be unwilling or unable to give by traditional interview methods. In this retailer study we used projective techniques in order to explore the more emotional aspects of the retailers. Findings The results from the analyze presents Swedish retailers as representing the most sustainable of all company categories in Sweden. During a period between 2004-2017 the retail category have been in top positions of the Swedish reputation and sustainability ranking, measured in a longitudinal study. Apoteket, The Body Shop and Clas Ohlson have been ranked as number one, one time each. While IKEA has been number one eleven times during the period. During the last two years, 2016 and 2017 IKEA was ranked as number one, based on the sustainability index. The analyze has shown that the highly sustainable retailers operating in the Swedish market primarily are characterized by strong brands as well as strong perceptions of sustainability. An interesting example is the local Swedish fast-food company Max Burgers that strongly outperforms McDonald´s both as a brand as well on sustainability. Successful retailers have different personalities, and archetypes compared with other corporate categories. The analysis reveals that the strongest retailers with a high sustainability index are characterized by having strong brand personalities. Furthermore, the analysis also reveals that the archetypes characterizing these retailers are we-oriented archetypes such as: ordinary/familiar, stable/down to earth, but also the ego-oriented archetype focused/specialist. Examples of retailers with a strong brand personality are IKEA, The Body Shop, Stadium, ICA, Zara and H&M. When we compare the data from the study 2016 with 2017 we see the same results. Our results from both studies indicate that local retailers are more positively evaluated than international. We-orientated brands score higher than ego-orientated. Some retail categories are perceived better than others are. Examples of strong retail categories are pharmacies, furniture, food, and sport stores and weak retailer categories are hamburger restaurants, consumer electronics and telecom stores. However, there is always an opportunity for a retailer to be stronger than the category they represent. One example, earlier mentioned is the local hamburger chain Max Burgers that strongly outperforms international competitors such as Burger King and McDonald´s, when we compare their sustainability indexes. The results indicate that both rational and emotional factors constitute an important part of the Sustainable Brand Equity Model. This new model (see figure 2) has been developed and tested during surveys 2015-2017 by one of the authors as a part of the Swedish Sustainability Ranking. Central components of the model are sustainability indexes, corporate brand personality, brand associations meeting need segments which lead to brand loyalty and trust capital. Finally, our survey shows that retailers needs to be strong in both brand and sustainability. It´s not enough to only excel in sustainability. Research limitations/implications The Sustainability survey was carried out both in 2016 and 2017 in a retailer frame of reference including different retailers from different sectors. The authors recognize that Swedes rank retailers as the most reputable and sustainable category of companies every year. In different countries the general public has different opinions about which companies they found most reputable (Apéria, Simcic Brønn, and Schultz, 2004). Originality/value The authors compares the chosen 32 retailers studied in 2016 with 35 retailers studied in 2017 with the same method. In both surveys we used both rational questions and emotional projective questions in order to understand the retailers in-depth. In both surveys a sustainability index was used in order to rank the retailers.

WHY ARE SWEDISH RETAIL CORPORATE BRANDS SO REPUTABLE? A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF SUSTAINABLE BRAND EQUITY IN SWEDEN

Tony Apéria,Christian.Persson 글로벌지식마케팅경영학회 2016 Global Marketing Conference Vol.2016 No.7

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Broker's Communication for Service Oriented Network Architecture

AP Manu,Bhawana Rudra,Vipin Kumar,OP Vyas 보안공학연구지원센터 2012 International Journal of Future Generation Communi Vol.5 No.4

헤지 스쿨

AP+E,에이슬링 맥코이(사진) 현대건축사 2017 월간 CONCEPT Vol.- No.217

해외논단-제3차 석유위기는 올것인가

압둘자키야마니,Ap, Ja-Ki 대한석유협회 1989 석유와 에너지 Vol.1989 No.6

이 글은 지난 3월 1일 일본에서 야마니 전 사우디아리비아 석유장관과 일본의 에너지경제연구소실장인 하시 면씨와의 석유정세전망에 대한 토론 개요를 정리한 것이다. <편집지주>

The ways to launch the new exhibition in Hong Kong

Park, Hae Youel,John Ap 한국무역전시학회 2012 무역전시연구 Vol.7 No.1

Time-to-Notch Doppler Right Ventricular Outflow Tract: Non-Invasive Parameter for Predicting Pulmonary Vascular Disease in Adults With Ostium Secundum Atrial Septal Defect

Oktavia Lilyasari,Muhamad Adrin AP,Radityo Prakoso,Arwin Saleh Mangkuanom,Aditya Agita Sembiring,Nurnajmia Curie Proklamartina,Amiliana M Soesanto 아시아심장혈관영상의학회 2024 Cardiovascular Imaging Asia Vol.8 No.2

Objective: Uncorrected atrial septal defect (ASD) leads to pulmonary vascular disease (PVD) later in adulthood. Attempts to close the defect have proven to be detrimental in the presence of PVD. Although right heart catheterization (RHC) is the gold standard for PVD, it remains an invasive approach with complications. Notch characteristics on the right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) Doppler correlate well with parameters of pulmonary hypertension. Therefore, this study evaluated whether time-to-notch RVOT Doppler could detect PVD in adults with ASD. Materials and Methods: Between March 2019 and June 2020, we consecutively sampled adult patients with ostium secundum ASD. Time-to-notch was examined by transthoracic echocardiogram within 24 hours of RHC. A vasoreactivity test was performed when the ratio of resistance arterial pulmonary to systemic (PVR:SVR) was ≥0.33. PVD was diagnosed if the final resistance ratio was ≥0.33. Results: We analysed 89 subjects with ASD. A vasoreactivity test was performed in 54 patients with pure oxygen, and 37% (n=24) had PVD. The majority of subjects in this study were women (85%) with a median age of 38 years. The time-to-notch RVOT Doppler was significantly shorter in subjects with PVD compared to those without (132±17 ms vs. 177±29 ms, p<0.001). The area under the curve was 0.923 for time-to-notch to predict PVR:SVR ≥0.33. A cutoff point of <147.5 ms was able to detect PVD (sensitivity 88%, specificity 87%, positive predictive value 72%, negative predictive value 95%, positive likelihood ratio [LR] 7.11, and negative LR 0.14). Conclusion: Time-to-notch RVOT Doppler has substantial predictive value in detecting PVD in secundum ASD-pulmonary arterial hypertension populations.