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The Impact of European Integration on the Nineties` Wave of Mergers and Acquisitions
( Anne France Delannay ),( Pierre Guillaume Meon ) 세종대학교 경제통합연구소 2006 Journal of Economic Integration Vol.21 No.3
The present paper applies a gravity model with fixed country effects to M&A flows on a sample of 1215 pairs of countries over the 1998-2001 period, to test the impact of European integration. That model, which had to our knowledge not been applied to M&A flows so far, allows us to observe that the participation of two countries in the process of European integration is associated with a smaller negative impact of distance on those countries` bilateral M&A flows. We observe no such effect for the EMU however.
Jason R Baker,Joseph R Dickens,Mark Koenigsknecht,Ann Frances,Allen A Lee,Kerby A Shedden,James G Brasseur,Gordon L Amidon,Duxin Sun,William L Hasler 대한소화기 기능성질환∙운동학회 2019 Journal of Neurogastroenterology and Motility (JNM Vol.25 No.1
Background/Aims High-resolution methods have advanced esophageal and anorectal manometry interpretation but are incompletely established for intestinal manometry. We characterized normal fasting duodeno-jejunal manometry parameters not measurable by standard techniques using clustered closely-spaced recordings. Methods Ten fasting recordings were performed in 8 healthy controls using catheters with 3–4 gastrointestinal manometry clusters with 1–2 cm channel spacing. Migrating motor complex phase III characteristics were quantified. Spatial-temporal contour plots measured propagation direction and velocity of individual contractions. Coupling was defined by pressure peak continuity within clusters. Results Twenty-three phase III complexes (11 antral, 12 intestinal origin) with 157 (95% CI, 104–211) minute periodicities, 6.99 (6.25–7.74) minute durations, 10.92 (10.68–11.16) cycle/minute frequencies, 73.6 (67.7–79.5) mmHg maximal amplitudes, and 4.20 (3.18–5.22) cm/minute propagation velocities were recorded. Coupling of individual contractions was 39.1% (32.1–46.1); 63.0% (54.4–71.6) of contractions were antegrade and 32.8% (24.1–41.5) were retrograde. Individual phase III contractions propagated > 35 fold faster (2.48 cm/sec; 95% CI, 2.25–2.71) than complexes themselves. Phase III complexes beyond the proximal jejunum were longer in duration (P = 0.025) and had poorer contractile coupling (P = 0.025) than proximal complexes. Coupling was greater with 1 cm channel spacing vs 2 cm (P < 0.001). Conclusions Intestinal manometry using clustered closely-spaced pressure ports characterizes novel antegrade and retrograde propagation and coupling properties which degrade in more distal jejunal segments. Coupling is greater with more closely-spaced recordings. Applying similar methods to dysmotility syndromes will define the relevance of these methods.