A Parallel Corpus-Based Comparative Analysis of Korean and Tagalog Negation

Aldrin P. Lee,전지연,이정희 국제한국어교육학회 2023 한국어 교육 Vol.34 No.3

The goal of this research is to compare the negative expressions in Korean and Tagalog based on the corpus data of the Korean-Foreign Language Parallel Corpus Building Project Phase 1. First, the negative expressions are classified into different types based on previous research analyses on negative expressions in the two languages. Second, the special grammatical properties of the canonical negators in the two languages are compared and any restrictions, conditions and the like that could be attributed to any of these properties are discussed. Finally, preliminary research results on non-canonical negators or alternative methods of negative expressions that can be inferred from parallel corpus data are also shared with the intention of expanding and modifying the existing types of negative expressions in the two languages. Through this undertaking, a more in-depth explanation becomes possible through the analysis of negative expressions based on large-scale corpus data, and extensive research can also be conducted in terms of language typology while comparing the idiosyncratic grammatical properties of the two languages. Moreover, the study can also provide objective information on pedagogical grammar and materials used in teaching Korean or Tagalog as a second or a foreign language.

Understanding Disaster Terms in a Pacific Rim Country: The Case of the Philippines

( Aldrin P. Lee ) 부경대학교 글로벌지역학연구소 2019 Journal of Global and Area Studies(JGA) Vol.3 No.1

A more holistic approach towards disaster risk reduction and management takes into account a “multicausal understanding of disasters” (Berg 2017). This holistic paradigm led to an increased involvement of the social sciences as well as the humanities in documenting and analyzing social and cultural factors that contribute to our general understanding of disasters and could be useful in formulating ways to reduce disaster risk and vulnerability and in developing new technologies useful for disaster response and mitigation. It also prompted academicians and practitioners to look into the asymmetries in the way that local communities prepare and respond to disasters. A vital source of information for understanding how people in various communities view disasters is the language that they speak. Language could tell us how the speakers relate to their lived environments and how they see disasters based on their own understanding of the physical world. By utilizing conceptual metaphors (Lakoff & Johnson 1980), people are able to encode various types of disasters as they experience them and subsequently develop appropriate responses to such life events. This paper highlights the importance of linguistics, particularly of language documentation, in the whole space of disaster risk reduction and management by showing how linguistic metaphors are utilized in lexicalizing disaster terms in selected languages of the Philippines― a country in the Pacific Rim and one of the most disaster prone territories in the world. The metaphorization of disaster terms ensures that the speakers of a language are able to frame a corresponding mental representation for each type of disaster, which in turn will aid them to react appropriately every time a disaster occurs. In addition, metaphorization is also necessary to characterize rare types of disasters (e.g. storm surge) and to manifest the people’s understanding of such phenomena. This study hopes to contribute to the literature about the importance of language documentation in analyzing human behavior vis-à-vis disasters, and in formulating policies that could both mitigate disasters and build resilience in local communities in the Philippines, and to a larger extent― in the Pacific Rim.

한국어의 번역 데이터에 나타난 타갈로그어 어순 오류 유형 분석 - 힌디어, 크메르어와의 대조를 중심으로

전지연(Jeon Ji Yeon),지화숙(Ji Hwa Sook),Aldrin P.Lee,이정희(JUNG HEE LEE) 한국아시아학회 2022 아시아연구 Vol.25 No.4

언어 유형론적으로 서로 다른 특성을 가진 힌디어, 크메르어, 타갈로그어의 기본어순을 대조언어학적인 관점에서 살펴보았다. 세 언어는 세계 언어에서 보편적으로 나타나는 SOV, SVO, VSO 유형을 가지고 있다. 세 언어는 모두 서로 다른 기본어순을 가졌으며, 한국어를 세 언어로 번역했을 때 어떤 오류 유형이 나타나는지 분석하였다. 유형론적인 특징을 분석하기 위해 Greenberg(1966)의 세 가지 분류 기준에 따라 세 언어의 기본어순을 확인한 후, 기본어순의 구성성분인 주어, 서술어, 목적어의 관계를 구성소 구조를 통해 설명하였다. 연구방법으로는 언어 유형론적으로 서로 다른 힌디어, 크메르어, 타갈로그어의 기본어순을 대조적인 관점에서 분석하였다. 이를 토대로 한국어를 세 언어로 번역했을 때 나타나는 어순의 공통점, 유사점, 차이점을 정리하고 가장 많은 오류가 나타난 타갈로그어 어순 오류 유형 분석을 중심으로 힌디어, 크메르어와 대조하였다. 또한 타갈로그어의 오류 유형을 중심으로 세 언어의 기본어순과 관련한 오류 유형 사례를 소개하였다. 힌디어의 경우 한국어와 같은 SOV 언어라는 것에서부터 기본어순의 특성에서 많은 공통점이 있기에 어순 오류가 나타나지 않았다. 크메르어는 한국어와 달리 SVO 에 속하는 언어로, 동사가 주어 뒤에, 목적어, 부사어 앞에 위치하고 전치사+명사, 명사+형용사 구조를 가진다. 이러한 차이점에도 불구하고 이 연구에 사용된 크메르어 번역문에는 어순 오류가 나타나지 않았다. 이 부분에서는 예상되는 오류가 없었다는 것에 데이터 수집 목적에 대한 고찰이 필요하며 이 부분에 대한 심층적인 연구가 필요해 보인다. 타갈로그어는 주요 어순이 VSO 이나 가변적 어순으로 다양한 문장 표현이 가능하다. 타갈로그어는 대체적으로 SV 형식과 VS 형식을 모두 취할 수 있고 도치소 ‘ay’를 통해 서술어와 주어의 위치를 자유롭게 바꾼다. 따라서 ‘ay’ 오류가 예상되었고 실제로 도치문에서 어순 오류가 가장 많이 나왔다. 또한 수식 관련 오류와 연결어미 오류가 발견되었다. 이 자료를 토대로 학습자 특성 연구의 자료가 될 수 있으며 대조언어학적 자료가 없는 언어권의 자원이 될 수 있기를 기대한다. This work examined three typologically distinct languages —Hindi, Khmer, and Tagalog— from a contrastive point of view. The three languages have SOV, SVO, and VSO types respectively, word order patterns that are commonly observed in world languages. This paper analyzed what type of error occurs when Korean is translated into these three languages that have different basic word order. To analyze the typological characteristics, the basic word order of the three languages was checked according to the three classification criteria of Greenberg (1966), and the relationship between the subject, predicate, and object, which are constituents of the basic word order, was explained through the constituent structure. As a research method, the basic word order asymmetry in Hindi, Khmer, and Tagalog — languages that have different typological characteristics— was analyzed from a contrastive perspective. Based on this, the commonalities, similarities, and differences of word order appearing in Korean and the three languages are summarized, and examples of error types related to the basic word order are introduced. The analysis centred around the typology of word order-related errors in Tagalog, which exhibited the greatest number of errors, and a contrastive analysis of Hindi and Khmer was also undertaken. In addition, while focusing on the Tagalog’s typology of errors, occurrences of these types of word order-related errors in all three languages were also introduced. In the case of Hindi, since it is an SOV language like Korean, there are many commonalities in the characteristics of the basic word order, so no word order errors appeared. Unlike Korean, Khmer is a language belonging to SVO. The verb is located after the subject, before the object, and before the adverb, and has the structure of preposition + noun, noun + adjective. Despite these differences, word order errors did not appear in the Khmer translation used in this study. In this part, it is necessary to consider the purpose of data collection because there was no expected error, and an in-depth study on this part seems necessary. In the Philippine’s Tagalog language, the main word order is VSO, but various sentences can be expressed in a variable word order. In general, Tagalog can take both SV and VS forms, and the position of the predicate and subject can be freely changed through the inverted ‘ay’. At this time, the ay error was expected, and the word order error occurred the most in the inverted sentence. Also, errors related to formulas and linking endings were found. The findings in this study could provide a baseline data for the study of learner characteristics. It is also hoped that it will become a resource for languages that do not have any comparative linguistic research data yet with foreign languages, including Korean.