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Safety Evaluation of the Lighting at the Entrance of a Very Long Road Tunnel: A Case Study in Ilam
Ahmad Mehri,Roohalah Hajizadeh,Somayeh Farhang Dehghan,Parvin Nassiri,Sayed Mohammad Jafari,Fereshteh Taheri,Seyed Abolfazl Zakerian 한국산업안전보건공단 산업안전보건연구원 2017 Safety and health at work Vol.8 No.2
ackground At the entrance of a tunnel, reflection of sunlight from the surrounding environment and a lack of adequate lighting usually cause some vision problems. The purpose of this study was to perform a safety evaluation of lighting on a very long road in Ilam, Iran. Methods The average luminance was measured using a luminance meter (model S3; Hagner, Solna, Sweden). A camera (model 108, 35-mm single-lens reflex; Yashica, Nagano, Japan) was used to take photographs of the safe stopping distance from the tunnel entrance. Equivalent luminance was determined according to the Holliday polar diagram. Results Considering the average luminance at the tunnel entrance (116.7 cd/m2) and using Adrian's equation, the safe level of lighting at the entrance of the tunnel was determined to be 0.7. Conclusion A comparison between the results of the safe levels of lighting at the entrance of the tunnel and the De Boer scale showed that the phenomenon of black holes is created at the tunnel entrance. This may lead to a misadaptation of the drivers’ eyes to the change in luminance level at the entrance of the tunnel, thereby increasing the risk of road accidents in this zone.
Safety Evaluation of the Lighting at the Entrance of a Very Long Road Tunnel: A Case Study in Ilam
Mehri, Ahmad,Hajizadeh, Roohalah,Dehghan, Somayeh Farhang,Nassiri, Parvin,Jafari, Sayed Mohammad,Taheri, Fereshteh,Zakerian, Seyed Abolfazl Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute 2017 Safety and health at work Vol.8 No.2
Background: At the entrance of a tunnel, reflection of sunlight from the surrounding environment and a lack of adequate lighting usually cause some vision problems. The purpose of this study was to perform a safety evaluation of lighting on a very long road in Ilam, Iran. Methods: The average luminance was measured using a luminance meter (model S3; Hagner, Solna, Sweden). A camera (model 108, 35-mm single-lens reflex; Yashica, Nagano, Japan) was used to take photographs of the safe stopping distance from the tunnel entrance. Equivalent luminance was determined according to the Holliday polar diagram. Results: Considering the average luminance at the tunnel entrance ($116.7cd/m^2$) and using Adrian's equation, the safe level of lighting at the entrance of the tunnel was determined to be 0.7. Conclusion: A comparison between the results of the safe levels of lighting at the entrance of the tunnel and the De Boer scale showed that the phenomenon of black holes is created at the tunnel entrance. This may lead to a misadaptation of the drivers' eyes to the change in luminance level at the entrance of the tunnel, thereby increasing the risk of road accidents in this zone.
( Gholamhossein Fallahi ),( Asghar Aghamohammadi ),( Ahmad Khodadad ),( Mojtaba Hashemi ),( Payam Mohammadinejad ),( Hossein Asgarian Omran ),( Mehri Najafi ),( Fatemeh Farhmand ),( Farzaneh Motamed ) The Editorial Office of Gut and Liver 2014 Gut and Liver Vol.8 No.1
Background/Aims: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic disease of the gastrointestinal tract, whose etiologies are still unknown. This study was performed to evaluate the humoral immune response in terms of B cell functions in selected IBD patients. Methods: Eighteen pediatric patients with IBD, including 12 cases of ulcerative colitis (UC) and six with Crohn disease (CD), were enrolled in this study. The pneumococcal vaccine was injected in all patients, and the IgG antibody level to the polysaccharide antigen was measured before and 4 weeks after injection. The B cell switch-recombination process was evaluated. Results: Five patients with IBD (three CD and two UC) had defects in B cell switching, which was significantly higher than in controls (p=0.05). Ten patients had a specific antibody deficiency and exhibited a higher frequency of bacterial infection than the healthy group. The mean increased level of IgG after vaccination was lower in IBD patients (82.9±32.5 μg/mL vs 219.8±59.0 μg/mL, p=0.001). Among the patients who had an insufficient response, no significant difference in the number of switched memory B-cell was observed. Conclusions: A defect in B lymphocyte switching was observed in pediatric IBD patients, and especially in those patients with CD. Owing to an increased risk of bacterial infections in those patients with antibody production defects, pneumococcal vaccination could be recommended. However, not all patients can benefit from the vaccination, and several may require other prophylactic methods. (Gut Liver 2014,8:24-28)