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Muhammad Asim Rasheed,Kamran Ahmad,Nilem Khaliq,Yaqoob Khan,Muhammad Aftab Rafiq,Abdul Waheed,Attaullah Shah,Arshad Mahmood,Ghafar Ali 한국물리학회 2018 Current Applied Physics Vol.18 No.3
The effect of electrochemical reduction on the structural and electrical properties of amorphous as well as annealed TiO2 nanotubes (TNTs) is investigated under ambient conditions. TNTs were prepared by anodizing titanium sheet in ethylene glycol electrolyte containing NH4F and de-ionized water at 40 V for 6 h. Electrochemical reduction is carried out in 1 M aqueous KOH solution for ~15 s at 3 V. TNTs are characterized by SEM, XRD, XPS and impedance spectrometer. XRD results confirm an increase in dspacing for (101) and (200) planes, after electrochemical reduction. XPS data reveal that electrochemical reduction produced prominent shifts of ~0.7e1.0 eV in the binding energies of TNTs. Interestingly, these shifts recover completely (in case of amorphous TNTs) and partially (in case of anatase TNTs) within ~7 days after reduction process due to oxygen uptake. Partial recovery in the binding energies of anatase TNTs is due to the fact that the oxygen vacancies are thermodynamically more stable as compared to amorphous TNTs. Similarly, the electrochemical reduction process decreases the impedance values of TNTs by more than three orders of magnitudes (from MU to kU). The impedance values also recover to the similar values before reduction in a span of ~7days.
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Vibration analysis of submerged thin FGM cylindrical shells
Muhammad Nawaz Naeem,Madiha Gamkhar,Shahid Hussain Arshad,Abdul Ghafar Shah 대한기계학회 2013 JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Vol.27 No.3
This study gives a brief work on vibration characteristics of cylindrical shells submerged in an incompressible fluid. The shell is presumed to be structured from functionally graded material. The effect of the fluid is introduced by using the acoustic wave equation. Love’s first order thin shell theory is utilized in the shell dynamical equations. The problem is framed by combining shell dynamical equations with the acoustic wave equation. Fluid-loaded terms are associated with Hankel function of second kind. Wave propagation approach is employed to solve the shell problem. Some comparisons of numerical results are performed for the natural frequencies of simply supported-simply supported, clamped-clamped and clamped-simply supported boundary conditions of isotropic as well as functionally graded cylindrical shells to check the validity of the present approach. The influence of fluid on the submerged functionally graded cylindrical shells is noticed to be very pronounced.
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