셴커의 리듬분석

강현희 안양대학교 인문과학연구소 2002 人文科學硏究 Vol.10 No.-

Several elements in Schenker's work have led to the view that he slighted rhythm. Schenker often excluded rhythmic notation from his graphic analysis. This exclusion results from his conviction that the Fundamental Structure is not rhythmic and each level of prolongation brings with it an increasing rhythmic activity. Thus, in Schenker's view, tonal relationships generally take priority over would assign a high structural level to a tone, a chord, or a tonal complex that the composer had not emphasized by stress or duration. And finally, Schenker's most devoted adherent must agree that he elaborated no systematic approach to rhythm comparable to what he achieved in the realm of voice leading and tonal organization. The last few decades have seen a number of attempts at broadening the scope of music theory; not only theories of rhythm, but also theories of tone color and of thematic or motivic design have appeared. Most musicians agree that tonal connections operate over large as well as small piece. Many musicians feel that large-scale rhythmic progression also forms part of their experience of music. Among the most important recent attempts at explaining large-scale rhythm are those by Edward Cone, by Grosvenor Cooper and Leonard Meyer, and by Arthur Komar. Since all of these writers acknowledge the influence of Schenker, an investigation of rhythm and linear analysis must deal with some of their ideas. Cone's best-known contributions are the ideas of the 'structural downbeat" and the notion that large rhythmic progression normally leads to a "structural downbeat." A structural downbeat results when an important tonal event, such as a cadential tonic, coincides with a point of rhythmic emphasis; the emphasis, to a large extent, makes the listener aware of the importance of the tonal event. Grosvenor Cooper and Leonard Meyer takes as their point of departure the division of musical notion into rhythmic groups. They maintain five basic groupings organize musical spans ranging from small detail to the complete piece. Three analytic flaws limit the usefulness of the their approach to large-scale rhythm. The notion that rhythmic groups cluster around a single accent creates disconnected picture at every level of the analysis. The approach is very reductive, the analytic notation consists of brackets to show groupings and two diacritical signs, the macron for accent and the breve for non-accent. At the higher levels, long stretches of music functions as accents. Komar develops an approach to large-scale rhythmic structure. Komar does not characterize durational spans as strong and weak. bur only the initial attack points of analytically significants spans. Instead of rhythmic grouping, Komar's metrical organization the basis of his method. Analysis is the process of sorting out, the clarification of, the various levels. In the course of analysis, discoveries often occur. One becomes aware of connections that one had not previously perceived even in a confused or not fully conscious way. But once aware of them, one hears them; if not heard, the analysis is meaningless. Schenker's approach begins and ends with direct musical experience, with hearing. The patterned movement produces two sources, one of them musical, the other shared with other rhythmic phenomena. The purely musical one flows from the succession and combination of tones. In addition, any tonal piece also reveals a complex pattern of durations, emphases, and groupings which do not arise from the tones; this is the second aspect of musical rhythm. Tonal rhythm is the rhythmic aspect of the melodic fragment. Durational rhythmic design of a piece may contain very small figures which nonetheless function as significant elements, patterns of tonal rhythm usually require more time in which to unfold.

베베른의 작품 24, 1악장의 대칭구조와 비율구조 분석

강현희 한양대학교 음악연구소 2014 音樂論壇 Vol.32 No.-

작품 24는 베베른의 12음 기법의 독창적인 면을 보여준다. 12음 기법이적용된 전음렬주의 작품이기에 여러 가지 음악적인 요소 면에서 분석되어진다. 1악장의 음렬은 베베른의 발전된 12음 음악 스타일인 파생음렬을보여준다. 또한 음렬간의 대칭구조가 강조되며, 음렬을 효과적으로 나타내기 위하여 음색선율을 사용한 대표적인 작품이다. 이 글은 동기적 리듬패턴을 사용하여 작품에 나타나는 통일성을 보여준다. 리듬패턴과 그의 비율관계를 통하여 각 부분에서와 1악장 전체에서 어떻게 적용되어 리듬의 통일성을 이루는지를 보여준다. 또한 리듬패턴의 비율관계가 음악에서 어떻게 적용되어 조직적인 음악을 이루는지를 보여준다. 베베른의 다양한 대칭구조를 1악장 전체에서 보여준다. This Opus 24 shows Webern’s unique concepts of 12-tonemethod. Because it is a total serialism. The first movement ofWebern’s Opus 24 shows his mature dodecaphonic style in itsuse a derived series, symmetry between rows and color melody. This essay show the rhythmic coherence that Webern used themotivic rhythm patterns. And this essay represents therelationship between motivic rhythm patterns and alsorepresents the proportional relationship in music. Also it showsthe multi-symmetry structure in music.

해석 수준 이론을 적용한 사회적기업 관련 메시지 구성 전략

강현희,백영민 사단법인 사회적기업학회 2023 사회적기업연구 Vol.16 No.1

Why does the general public still show low level of social experience and evaluation of social enterprises? To address the question, this study argues it might be originated from the lack of effective message strategies, and proposes construal level theory (CLT) as a backbone theory guiding to design communication messages targeting a variety of stakeholder of social enterprises. This study reviews why the CLT should be adopted and how it could be utilized to build more persuasive messages in the field of social enterprises. Specifically, this study introduces the core principles and development process of CLT, and reviews previous studies to demonstrate that matching the construal level promoted by various message-related factors (message source, message content, message channel, and message processing style of a recipient) can augment the persuasiveness of the message. Additionally, critical review of previous studies applying CLT to the issues regarding social enterprises reveals that the better matched between the construal level of message content and processing style, the more effective the message is. Based on the careful literature review, this study provides some practical advices how factors and specific examples should be strategically considered when constructing messages for a specific social enterprise. This theoretical review paper argues that CLT would be valuable theoretical resources for researchers of social enterprises by proposing ways to revitalize social awareness, attitude, and behavior related to social enterprises by building more persuasive and practical message strategies. 본 연구는 일반인의 사회적기업에 대한 사회적 경험 및 평가 수준이 높지 않은 원인을 효과적인 메시지전략의 부재에서 찾을 수 있다는 문제의식에서 출발하여, 사회적기업 관련 이해관계자 커뮤니케이션을 위해 해석 수준 이론을 적용한 메시지 구성 전략을 효과적으로 활용할 것을 제안하였다. 이를 위해 메시지전략 구축에 활용할 수 있는 해석 수준 이론의 유용성을 검토하고, 전략 정교화를 위한 후속연구 방안을제안하였다. 구체적으로, 해석 수준 이론의 기본적인 개념과 발전 과정을 소개하고 선행연구들을 검토하여다양한 메시지 관련 요인들(메시지 정보원, 메시지 내용, 메시지 전달 채널, 수용자의 메시지 처리 방식)이각기 촉진하는 해석 수준을 일치시키는 것이 효과적인 설득 전략 목표가 될 수 있음을 제시하였다. 그리고해석 수준 이론이 적용된 사회적기업 관련 선행연구들을 비판적으로 검토한 결과 메시지 내용과 수용자의메시지 처리 방식의 해석 수준이 일치할수록 메시지의 효과가 더 증진된다는 사실을 확인하였다. 이러한논의를 토대로 사회적기업 관련 메시지 생산 주체들이 메시지를 구성할 때 전략적으로 고려해야 할 요인및 예시들을 구체적으로 제시하였다. 아울러 해석 수준 이론을 적용한 사회적기업 관련 연구의 잠재적 한계는 무엇이며 후속연구에서 어떤 점들을 고려해야 할지 역시 논의하였다. 본 연구는 해석 수준 이론의 적용 가능성을 사회적경제 영역으로 확대했다는 이론적 의의를 지닌다. 이와 더불어 사회적기업 메시지 전략과 예시를 통해 사회적기업 관련 사회적 인식, 태도, 행동 활성화 방안을 제시하고, 기존 메시지 구성 관행의 수정 방향을 제안했다는 실무적 의의가 있다.

폐쇄성수면무호흡증 환자의 야간뇨 유병률 및 관련인자

강현희,이종민,이상학,문화식,Kang, Hyeon Hui,Lee, Jongmin,Lee, Sang Haak,Moon, Hwa Sik 대한수면의학회 2014 수면·정신생리 Vol.21 No.1

목 적: 본 연구는 수면 무호흡증이 의심되어 수면 클리닉을 내원한 남성 환자를 대상으로 야간뇨의 유병률 및 이를 예측할 수 있는 인자를 알아보고자 하였다. 방 법: 2009년부터 2012년까지 수면무호흡증이 의심이 되어 수면 클리닉을 방문한 남성 환자를 대상으로 임상적 소견 및 수면다원검사 결과를 후향적으로 분석하였다. 배뇨 증상은 국제전립선증상점수를 기준으로 측정하였다. 임상적으로 유의한 야간뇨은 밤 동안에 2회 이상 배뇨를 하기 위해 깨는 경우로 정의하였다. 폐쇄성수면무호흡증은 무호흡-저호흡 지수가 5 이상인 경우로 정의하였다. 결 과: 전체 161명의 분석 대상자의 평균 연령은 $46.7{\pm}14.1$세였다. 이 중 27명은 단순 코골이 환자였으며 134명은 폐쇄성수면무호흡증 환자로 진단 되었다. 야간뇨는 53명의 폐쇄성수면무호흡증 환자, 8명의 단순 코골이 환자에서 관찰되었다. 전체 분석 대상환자에서 야간뇨의 유병률은 37.9%, 폐쇄성수면무호흡증 환자에서 야간뇨의 유병률은 39.6%였으나, 폐쇄성수면무호흡증의 유무에 따른 야간뇨 발생의 통계학적 차이는 없었다. 야간뇨를 호소한 환자가 야간뇨가 없는 환자보다 무호흡-저호흡 지수가 통계적으로 유의하게 더 높았다(p=0.001). 야간뇨를 동반한 폐쇄성수면무호흡증 환자는 야간뇨를 호소하지 않은 폐쇄성수면무호흡증 환자에 비하여 각성 지수가 더 높았고, 혈중 산소 포화도는 더 낮은 것으로 분석 되었다. 다중회귀분석에서 나이와 무호흡-저호흡 지수가 야간뇨의 유무를 예측할 수 있는 인자로 분석 되었으며, 나이에 따른 야간뇨의 위험도는 1.4, 무호흡-저호흡 지수에 따른 위험도는 1.02로 나타났다. 결 론: 본 연구에서 폐쇄성수면무호흡증 환자에서 야간뇨의 빈도는 높은 것으로 나타났다. 폐쇄성수면무호흡증 환자에서 야간뇨의 동반여부를 예측할 수 있는 유용한 인자는 나이와 무호흡-저호흡 지수였다. Objectives: Several studies suggest that nocturia may be related to obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). The mechanism by which OSAS develops nocturia has not been determined. The present study aimed to determine the prevalence of nocturia among adults with OSAS and to identify factors that may be predictive in this regard. Methods: Retrospective review of clinical and polysomnographic data obtained from patients evaluated at the sleep clinics of the St. Paul's Hospital between 2009 and 2012. The urinary symptoms were assessed on the basis of the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS). Pathologic nocturia was defined as two or more urination events per night. OSAS was defined as apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) ${\geq}5$. A multivariate analysis using logistic regression was performed to examine the relationship between polysomnographic variables and the presence of pathologic nocturia, while controlling for confounding factor. Results: A total of 161 men >18 years of age (mean age $46.7{\pm}14.1$), who had been referred to a sleep laboratory, were included in the present study. Among these, 27 patients with primary snoring and 134 patients with obstructive sleep apnea were confirmed by polysomnography. Nocturia was found in 53 patients with OSAS (39.6%) and 8 patients with primary snoring (29.6%). The AHI was higher in patients with nocturia than in those without nocturia (p=0.001). OSAS patients with nocturia had higher arousal index (p=0.044), and lower nadir oxyhemoglobin saturation (p=0.001). Multiple regression analysis showed that age (${\beta}$=0.227, p=0.003), and AHI (${\beta}$=0.258, p=0.001) were associated with nocturia, and that the presence of pathologic nocturia was predicted by age (OR 1.04 ; p=0.004) and AHI (OR 1.02 ; p=0.001). Conclusion: Nocturia is common among patients with OSAS. The strongest predictors of nocturia are age and AHI in patients with OSAS.

조성음악 형식 연구 : 경과부의 전조적 기능

강현희 한국음악학회 2001 한국음악학회논문집 음악연구 Vol.24 No.1

Transition may use an intermediate harmony and also it acts going unto the ultimate desired tonality through sequence, implied harmony and mixture of mode, etc. In order to establish a new key of the second theme, the transition already should contain the V inducing contents for building V of the new key. Every altered note that appears in transition part is used For V only. To make it possible, the transition is naturally to be progressed open in harmony. The transition proceeding to the new key of V is cut in general somewhere before the second theme. The reason why a rest cuts the two parts and then the second theme is started again is for making the units clearly expressed. In order to show a new start of a new theme, you should display the end of the former part. This method is used to make the form clear. The transition that connects two tonalities does function more effectively through modulation. This function is not built always, but the harmony preparation of a new key is rather established well although the modulation is not complete. The first theme is developed by a dependent transition, and a certain comparing atmosphere is composed by an independent transition using a new theme, and the progressive harmonic change acts as transition preparing the second theme. Therefore, the importance of transition is clearly appealed in form. The most required and challenging aspect is a technique of combining two different characters in music articles. Modulation is the very right technique and it appears in the transition among others in such forms.

간호대학생의 생명의료윤리 의식수준 및 영향요인

강현희,강복희,원선애 한국의료윤리학회 2016 한국의료윤리학회지 Vol.19 No.3

This study was designed to assess the level of concern and awareness of biomedical ethics among nursing students and to identify the factors that might be influencing or correlated with nursing students’ level of awareness of biomedical ethics. Participants were 435 nursing students in one nursing college in South Korea. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, an independent t-test, a one way ANOVA, a Scheffé test, a Pearson Correlation, and a Multiple Regression. The most influential factor for awareness of biomedical ethics was concern of bioethics (β=.517, p<.000), followed by teaching methods (β=.129, p=0.02), age (β=.115, p=.004), desire to study ethics (β=.103, p=.011), interesting teaching methods (β=.096, p=.016), effective teaching methods (β=.090, p=.016) and information source (β=.079, p=.026). These factors accounted for 34.9% of the variance in awareness of biomedical ethics (F=158.279, p=.000). Using the results of this study strategies can be developed to increase the awareness of biomedical ethics among nursing students. 이 연구의 목적은 간호대학생의 생명의료윤리 의식수준 및 그 영향요인을 규명하고 생명의료윤리 교 육을 위한 기초자료를 제시하는 데 있다. 자료 수집은 1개 대학 간호 대학생 435명을 대상으로 이루어 졌다. 자료 분석은 SPSS WIN 18.0 프로그램을 사용하여 서술통계, independent t-test, ANOVA, Scheffé test, 상관관계분석, 다중회귀분석을 실시하였다. 생명의료윤리의식에 영향을 미치는 예측요인은 생명 윤리관심, 윤리교육방법, 연령, 윤리교육 참석여부, 흥미 있는 학습법, 효과적인 교육방법, 정보 습득처 였다. 이들 요인들은 생명윤리의식에 대해 34.9%의 설명력을 보였다. 간호학생들의 생명의료윤리의식 은 생명윤리에 대한 관심과 생명의료윤리의식에 영향을 주는 요소들을 강조함으로써 높일 수 있다.

축구클럽 운영 경험에 관한 자문화기술지

강현희,최덕묵 한국체육교육학회 2017 한국체육교육학회지 Vol.22 No.3

Purpose: This paper aims to compose an auto-ethnography that restates my experience in organizing football clubs. By narrating the experience through which I have nurtured football players as a professional coach, I suggest an effective guideline that will provide future educators with a specific method in organizing football clubs. Methods: This study employs tools in analyzing auto-ethnographies as I assume to take both a subject and a research at the same time. In order to complete this paper, I use inductive analysis in which a researcher compiles his/her own diary, columns, notes, and materials for various meetings. Results: First, the story of my life with a football club was revealed as 'Motivation of entrepreneurship', 'Key elements for running football clubs', 'purpose of soccer education', 'bitter taste and sweetness experienced in football education'. Second, my professional career is able to be summarized by two ideas; “Is a businessman or educator,” and “Cause of conflict in the amount of training.” Conclusion: This paper attempts to suggest an implication that will be useful for future educators and managers to develop effective football culture in South Korea. This auto-ethnographical research hopes to bring about a learning point out of educators and coaches who may have shared similar experiences in the field. 본 연구는 수년간 축구클럽 현장에 몸담은 연구자의 자전적 이야기를 담은 자문화기술지이다. 본 연구는 연구자가 수년간 축구문화 안에서 직접 경험한 의미를 탐색하고 해석하여 축구클럽 운영과 교육에 있어 올바른 방향 설정의 실마리를 제공함에 목적이 있다. 본 자문화기술지의 연구자는 본 연구의 주체적 참여자인 동시에 연구자로서의 성격을 동시에 지닌다. 본 연구는 연구자의 자기-성찰적 일기, 코칭스텝 회의 및 부모간담회 자료를 수집하였으며 귀납적 분석(inductive analysis)을 토대로 자료를 분석하였으며 도출된 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 축구클럽과 함께 한 나의 삶에 대한 이야기에서는 ‘유행처럼 창업한 축구클럽’, ‘축구클럽 운영을 위한핵심요소’, ‘축구교육의 목적’, ‘축구교육에서 경험한 쓴 맛과 단 맛’으로 나타났다. 둘째, 축구클럽 교육 및 운영 경험의 의미는 ‘교육자인가? 사업가인가?’, ‘훈령 량은 갈등의 원인’으로 나타났다. 도출된 결과를 중심으로클럽 축구팀의 교육과 운영 경험의 의미를 논의하였으며, 한국 축구의 문화의 발전을 위한 대한축구협회 차원의 제도적 시사점을 제언하였다. 본 연구에서 탐색된 연구자의 경험은 연구자만 겪은 독특한 그 무엇이 아닌축구 감독 또는 축구단 운영자라면 함께 공유할 만한 가치가 있을 것이다.

중증근무력증과 흉선종 치료 중 발생한 진행다초점백질뇌병증

강현희,박재현,이미지,조준훈,서연림,이수진,민주홍,김병준,한석근 대한신경과학회 2012 대한신경과학회지 Vol.30 No.4

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a rare and fatal disease caused by JC virus. We report a case of PML which developed in a 61-year-old female patient with myasthenia gravis (MG) and thymoma. After 6 years of immunotherapy and chemotherapy she presented with hand weakness followed by progressive decline of consciousness. Serial brain MRI showed rapidly progressive multifocal white matter changes. The JC virus DNA was detected on cerebrospinal fluid. This is a third report of PML in MG.

폐쇄성 수면무호흡 과 제2형 당뇨병

강현희,이상학,Kang, Hyeon-Hui,Lee, Sang-Haak 대한수면의학회 2009 수면·정신생리 Vol.16 No.2

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) has been definitively shown to be a risk factor for the development of cardiovascular disease and mortality. Recent reports have indicated that obstructive sleep apnea is associated with insulin resistance and impaired glucose metabolism, also have type 2 diabetes. The potential mechanisms leading to the development of type 2 diabetes in OSA patients are likely to be various. Reduced physical activity resulting from daytime somnolence, sympathetic nervous system activation, intermittent hypoxia, sleep fragmentation and sleep loss, dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis, alteration in adipokine profiles, and activation of inflammatory pathways have been proposed. Based on the current evidence, clinicians should assess the risk of OSA in patients with type 2 diabetes and, conversely, consider that possibility of glucose intolerance in patients with OSA. Further large-scale and long-term follow-up studies in patient populations with selected by reliable but inexpensive diagnostic measures, controlled for potential confounder factor, are needed.

직업교육에서의 교양교육 강화 연구 ― 폴리텍대학을 중심으로

강현희 한국교양교육학회 2017 교양교육연구 Vol.11 No.6

디지털 기술을 기반으로 한 3차, 4차 산업혁명은 폴리텍대학의 직업교육에도 변화를 요구하고 있다. 디지털시대, 지식기반시대의 직무는 특정 분야의 전문능력 뿐 아니라 일반적이고 보편적인 능력과 특히 지식을 습득하고 활용, 창출하는 능력을 요구한다. 폴리텍 대학의 교육 목표인 다기능기술자는 제조분야의 지식기술자로서 기술자와 기능인을 매개하는 직무를 수행한다. 이 직무 역시 관련분야의 전문능력 뿐 아니라 기초능력, 조직능력 등 다양한 직무에 적용할 수 있는 일반능력이 필요하다. 일반능력은 교양교육의 영역으로 4년제 대학이나 일반전문대학에서는 이미 정보화시대, 지식기반시대의 대비차원에서 교양교육을 강화하고 있다. 그러나 폴리텍 대학은 교양교육과 관련하여 아직 변화를 보이지 않고 있다. 이에 다양한 환경요인들을 통하여 폴리텍 대학의 직업교육의 변화 필요성과 그 과정에서 교양교육의 강화 필요성을 강조하고자 하였다. 이론적 배경으로 교양교육 개념의 일반교육적 성격을 논하고, 직업교육에서 교양교육에 영향을 주는 환경요인으로 첫째, 3차, 4차 산업혁명시대로의 전환, 둘째, 직업교육과 자유교육의 통합, 셋째, 국가직무능력표준과 직업기초능력의 도입 등을 검토하였다. 직업교육에 있어 교양교육은 우선적으로 지식기반형 직업세계의 적응에 기여해야 한다. 이를 위해 교양교육은 다기능근로자의 일반 기초능력의 함양에 주력하며, 인간다운 삶을 위한 인격의 형성과 공동체의 일원으로서의 규범과 가치를 길러주는 일반교육(general education)으로서의 교양교육에 초점을 두었다. 이를 위해 기초필수교양으로 사고력과 의사소통능력, 특히 읽기 쓰기에 집중할 것과 직업기초능력을 내실화할 것, 인성교육과 소양교육을 확대할 것을 제안하였다. 교양교육의 강화를 위한 구체적 방안으로 전국단위의 교양교육 전담기구의 설치, 교과과정의 개편을 통한 졸업학점 축소와 교양이수학점의 확대, 교양교육 기반의 확충 등을 제시하였다. Third and fourth industrial revolutions based on digital technology are also demanding changes in vocational education at Korea Polytechnics. The jobs and tasks of the digital age and knowledge-based era require general and universal skills, and the ability to acquire, utilize and create knowledge in particular, as well as specialized skills in specific areas. Multi-functional technicians, who are the educational goals of Korea Polytechnics, carry out their duties as intermediaries between engineers and functionaries as knowledge engineers in the manufacturing field. They need general skills that can be applied to a variety of tasks, such as basic skills, organizational skills, as well as professional skills in related fields. These skills belong to liberal arts education. So four-year universities and general colleges are already strengthening liberal arts education. However, Korea Politechnics has not yet changed in relation to liberal arts education. So I tried to emphasize the necessity of change in vocational education of Korea Polytechnics and the necessity of strengthening liberal arts education in the process through various environmental factors. As a theoretical background, I discuss the general education characteristics of the concept of liberal arts education, and the environmental factors affecting liberal arts education in the vocational education are as follows: first, transition to the third and fourth industrial revolution era; second, integration of vocational education and liberal education; third, the introduction of National competence standards and occupational skills in vocational education. In vocational education, liberal arts education should primarily contribute to the adaptation of the knowledge-based ear. So the liberal arts education focuses on cultivating the basic abilities of the multi-functional worker, and it supports to form the personality for the human life and raise the norm and value as a member of the community. In particular, I suggest to enhance ability of thinking and communication skills, especially reading and writing, and to improve basic skills, and to expand character education and literacy education. As a concrete measure for strengthening liberal arts education, I suggest the establishment of a nationwide institute for liberal arts education, reduction of graduation credits through reorganization of curriculum, enlargement of liberal arts credits and expansion of foundation of liberal arts education.