무어의 시에 나타난 창의성: 「시」, 「영웅」, 그리고 「결혼」을 중심으로

황남엽 융합영어영문학회 2022 융합영어영문학(구.English Reading and Teaching) Vol.7 No.1

The tradition in 20th century American poetry has its limits, where it has trouble breaking out of its own literary canon, of a male-centered modernism.  In this set of circumstances, the female poet Marianne Moore revolted against the male-centered modernist tradition and strongly evoked an echo in American society.  Moore transcended the modernist literary tradition, an age that dealt with difficult themes, and built up her own poetic world with various themes in “Poetry”, “The Hero”, and “Marriage”. While the prevalent modernist writers conveyed the authoritative and moral message in their works, Moore tried to make the meanings of objects, in her writings, more ambivalent with easy subject matters. In other words, she encourages the readers to find meaning in new ways through literary devices, making the meaning of her poems ambiguous and unsure.  Especially, what Moore with a third identity, neither a woman nor a man, richly represented the fixed meaning of the subject matters can be considered as her own creative writing. Accordingly, her creative poetic world, which confidently escaped from the previous literary canon, can be significant in paving the way for new poetic ground.

“Sex Talk” and the Power of Discourse in Aurora Leigh

황남엽 신영어영문학회 2014 신영어영문학 Vol.58 No.-

The Victorian age has dual aspects which means the old paradigm of social norms regarding sexuality was modified at one point, while a new paradigm was inaugurated. Elizabeth Barrett Browning defies the oldest paradigm of sexuality, that ‘women should be ignorant of sexuality’ by using the power of discourse, which Michel Foucault considers an incitement to talk about sexuality. In Aurora Leigh, Barrett Browning boldly exposes feminine sexuality, something Victorian patriarchy required women to keep silent about. Aurora and Marian, Browning’s two heroines are saved from the typical Victorian sexual sphere, that is, ‘women should be feminine’. Aurora and Marian find their identities through sisterhood and discourse of their own sexuality. Aurora and Marian don’t fit in the dominant culture, and provides us with a new perspective, that women are androgynous. So in Aurora Leigh, we can hear two heroines’ voices against patriarchal discourse, looking for a new world with sexual equality.

이원론 연구: 바울과 예이츠를 중심으로

황남엽 한국문학과종교학회 2016 문학과종교 Vol.21 No.3

바울 신학은 영과 육체를 나누는 이원론의 관점을 지니고 있다. 예이츠 역시 인간의 정신과 육체를 구분하는 이원론의 사상을 펼치고 있다. 그러나 바울의 이원론에 관한 관점은 예이츠의 사상과 다르다. 바울은 영과 육체에 대해서 배 타적 이원론의 입장인데 반해, 예이츠는 상보보완적인 관점에서 이 문제를 다루 고 있다. 바울의 이원론은 인간의 윤리성과 도덕성을 제고함으로서 종교적 목적 을 이루는 긍정적이고도 필수적인 요소를 지닌다. 그러나 그의 이원론은 보다 더 극단화되거나 배타적으로 이원론화 되어 더욱 엄격한 금욕주의를 산출한다. 결국 인간의 생명의 본성을 억압하게 되는 것이다. 이것과 관련하여 예이츠는 종교 안에 갇힌 배타적 이원론으로부터 파생된 억압적인 금욕의 한계성을 간파 한다. 그리고 자신의 상호 보완적인 이원론에 대한 관점을 바탕으로 종교로부터 파생된 배타적 이원론의 한계성을 극복한다. 결과적으로 예이츠는 정신과 육체 에 대한 이분법적 이원론에 대해 새로운 패러다임을 제시하고 있다. Paul’s theology contains the concept of dualism on the one hand, which divides the spirit from the flesh. Equivalently, Yeats is concerned with dualism related to both the human spirit and the flesh. Paul’s perspective on dualism is different from Yeasts.’ His thought can be expressed as an exclusive dualism between the spirit and the flesh, whereas Yeats’ perspective is based on a complementary dualism. Paul’s dualism clearly has a positive and fundamental value to protect human ethics and morals for religious purposes. However, the dualism has the possibility of being a more extreme and exclusive type of dualism, which consequently produces a more austere asceticism. It results in the repression of the human nature and life as a whole. In contrast, Yeats detects the limitation of oppressive asceticism from an exclusive dualism in religion. His perspective on dualism is an attempt to overcome the limitation of an extreme and exclusive dualism, which derives entirely from religion. In short, his dualism suggests a new paradigm concerning the relationship between the spirit and the flesh.

The Search for the Ideal Female Gender Identity in the Victorian Age: Aurora Leigh and The Awakening

황남엽 한국동서비교문학학회 2014 동서 비교문학저널 Vol.0 No.31

The Victorian Age has dual aspects of old and new, or traditional and revolutionary; social norms regarding sexuality were being explored and challenged. Where ‘a girl should be ignorant of her sexuality,’ Barrett Browning and Chopin incite controversy with Aurora Leigh and The Awakening in which Aurora and Edna speak against patriarchal discourse. Aurora acts against the traditional norms by choosing art and poetry over marriage. Despite being married, Edna deviates from her husband by actively seeking other lovers. Both Aurora and Edna are aggressors or transgressors in their relationships, roles traditionally thought to be more masculine. Though they choose to rebel against their traditional roles, they both come to the realization that their journey to achieve sexual equality cannot have a happy conclusion without a compromise of both the masculine and feminine. They also cannot fully escape the traditional female role—their emotion and maternal instincts invade their decisions and thoughts, even at their most masculine or androgynous transformation. Barrett Browning and Chopin show a discourse in which women are empowered through sexual rebellion, yet perhaps they are the most happy with a healthy medium of masculine and feminine, not one or the other, but both, an androgyny of the two.

이중가면 : Disappearing Moon Cafe에 나타난 침묵의 여성들 Silenced Women in Disappearing Moon Cafe

황남엽 龍仁大學校 人文社會科學硏究所 2003 인문사회논총 Vol.- No.9

While Chinese-Canadian men are historically stereotyped as male-labour machines, Chinese-Canadian women are historically non-existent. As a result, there is a lack of representation of Chinese-Canadian women in dominant discourses in Canada. Sky Lee, using two different voices(Kae and Suzie) makes her female characters the speaking subject or the agent in order t o break the historical silence of the marginalized gender, especially the female silence regarding sexuality. Beyond that, Lee is reshaping Kae's shameful family history through the female characters' perspectives, and inciting readers to rethink how Kae searches for and finds her own identity through Suzie's struggles for sisterhood. The women in Disappearing Moon Cafe, particularly Mui Lan and Fong Mei, challenge the patriarchal structure from within -- they never overthrow the system but work quietly within it to subvert the strict roles of sexuality. Mui Lan became soulless and lonely because she existed only with the identity of the wife of Wong Gwei Chang, and the identity of mother't Choy Fuk. Without her own identity, Mui Lan is passive and silent -- almost non-existent. Mui Lan needs to be silent in order to survive in the patriarchy. This silence makes Mui Lan exercise patriarchal power over Fong Mei. She finds herself in charge of her daughter-in-law s life and becomes a victimizer of Fong Mei. It is because she is bound by the patriarchal social order, in which women cannot have any value without having babies, and because Mui Lan seems only able to establish her identity by victimizing Fong Mei. In this regard, she has a dual identity, both a victim of patriarchal society herself, but also a patriarchal victimizer of Fong Mei. Within the traditional Chinese patriarchal structure, a women s sexuality is passive and servile. The structure is stifling for women. Within this structure, Fong Mei with her decent wife identity does not enjoy sex with her husband: that is, she is bound by the patriarchal norm that the decent woman has to be passive in sex, and as a result, there is tension in the marriage. When Fong Mei cheats on her husband with Ting An, she breaks free of the traditional order, and it is only when she is outside of these boundaries that she can reclaim her body, take an active participatory role in sex, and experience a part of herself which had been repressed by a strict set of sexual roles. It seems apparent that Fong Mei subverted the strict codes of sexual roles of patriarchy by participating and enjoying sex with Ting An. Considering this, Fong Mei is still trapped by the patriarchal order because she is a "reproductive machine" - she must have babies to survive in the strict sexual norms of patriarchy. Yet, sht takes an active role in sex with Ting An because he is not her "real" husband: that is, she does not need to be a woman with the "decent wife" identity forced into the strict set of patriarchal sexual norms. In this regard, Fong Mei is still the victim of patriarchal norms even though she seems to escape from it. Suzie, Fong Mei's daughter, emerges into Kae's family history as a victim of the patriarchy: she is struggling with especially Fong Mei, who forces her to be silent about her "abnormal" sexuality (Suzie gets pregnant young and before marriage). Being an outsider to her family and to the traditional Chinese community, Suzie is finally deprived of the right of her newly-born child by the medical specialists and her family members. The doctor and Suzie's family members seem to exist within the boundaries of the traditional order that women must follow the sexual norms to be married and not be underage: so the doctor did not pay attention to her newly-born baby as much as a "normal" newly-born baby. Considering the relentless traditional patriarchal surroundings against her, Suzie refuses to compromise, and Kills herself. It is a radical action, but her only escape. I think that the silence of the previous generation surrounding sexuality is what drove Suzie to suicide. If they had been able to speak freely about sexuality, Suzie would have known the facts, i.e., Morgan is her half brother, and not killed herself. In this sense, she is a victim of the patriarchy. And yet, in another sense, she is a rebel because she took an active role and "quits" the society, and she broke a taboo of love with her half brother. When Kae looks at a family photo, she finally finds out that another cause of Suzie's death is a lack of sisterhood within the family. Related to sisterhood, Kae criticizes the hostile relationships between Mui Lan and Fong Mei Kae believes that if there had been no hostile relationships between them, Fong Mei would not have had a double identity of sexuality and beyond that, she would not have caused Suzie's suicide by forcing her not to marry Morgan and to be silent of her "abnormal" sexuality. And also, if Beatrice, whom Suzie trusted the most had some kind of sisterhood for Suzie crying out for help. Suzie would not have killed herself. Through this woman-centered narrative. Kae stresses that the victimizer of women in the patriarchy is a female herself, who suggests a definite lack of sisterhood. Kae finally denounces her mother. Beatrice, who is still silent about her family's "shameful" sexuality after listening to Suzie's tragic story from Morgan. Kae, who experiences and "identity crisis", decides to become a "true" writer. And she removes the silence and prohibition which surrounded sexuality for her ancestors, and creates a kind of "sisterhood" by examining the circumstances around Suzie's death for future female generation. So it is an alternative history. Besides Kae's "family saga" will perhaps remove the doubleness from Chinese women, remove the masks, with the goal being authenticity. Particularly for women yet to be born, who will be struggling with the same patriarchal oppression.

이중가면 : Disappearing moon cafe에 나타난 침묵의 여성들

황남엽 용인대학교 인문사회과학연구소 2003 인문사회논총 Vol.- No.9

다문화적 사유와 응시: 『버섯들의 합창』과 『파프리카』

황남엽 한국동서비교문학학회 2020 동서 비교문학저널 Vol.0 No.52

Racism, experienced by many minority immigrants, has encouraged some multicultural writers to depict their experiences of isolation and suffering. Japanese-Canadian writer, Hiromi Goto and Korean writer, Seo, Seongran deal with slightly different types of racism in Canada and Korea. Goto in Chorus of Mushrooms portrays how powerful the effects of racism in WASP (White Anglo-Saxon Protestant’s) society can be against Asians, which can also result in Asians, like Japanese-Canadians developing prejudice against themselves. In comparison, Seo, Seongran in Paprika is critical of Korean dominant society’s racism against the migrant married woman’s treatment as a labourer and mother, in their expectation that they produce a male son. Goto and Seo, Seongran commonly imply that both settlers and immigrants have to remove their own racial prejudices against one another, to create a more harmonious experience for social integration. In this regard, Goto and Seo, Seongran’s writings encourage dominant societies and ethnic minorities to bridge together, creating a space where racial prejudice will no longer have a place in society.

가족사 탐색을 통한 화자의 성적(sexual) 독립

황남엽(Hwang, Namyeob) 한국동서비교문학학회 2012 동서 비교문학저널 Vol.0 No.27

맥베스와 레이디 맥베스의 왜곡된 남성성과 여성성

황남엽(Namyeob Hwang) 한국셰익스피어학회 2013 셰익스피어 비평 Vol.49 No.3

The Renaissance was the time of transition from the Middle ages to the modern era. Although it was commonplace for people in Renaissance period to uphold social norms of a patriarchal society, a few daring people were able to hold an alternative world view, which consisted of progressive and dynamic attitudes towards the rigid gender system. Reflecting this new world view towards women, William Shakespeare presents the unique situation of this transitional period in Macbeth. Depicting Macbeth’s de-masculinization and Lady Macbeth’s de-feminization, he portrays the conflict and contradiction between the old and new paradigms related to gender. Shakespeare opposes the extreme polarization of sex roles, that is, women must be passive and weak, while men must be active and strong. He also recognizes the creative power of androgyny, that men and women naturally display both masculinity and femininity. Macbeth and Lady Macbeth are captured between the old order and the new order and cannot escape from the void. Shakespeare implies that their tragedy is not simply due to their own faults, but to the transitional situation between the old and the new gender identities. The moment when Macbeth and Lady Macbeth think they find a new kind of gender identity, they lose everything, including their lives. Macbeth and Lady Macbeth fail to adapt to society in the process of seeking a distorted gender identity. Through Macbeth, Shakespeare creates a picture, where a mysterious force stronger than individuals shapes major characters’ lives even against their will, and in this picture we are presented with a hero and a heroine who are trapped and destroyed by misunderstanding their own gender roles.

성적 소수자로서의 정체성 탐구 ―『각성』과 『플라스틱 섹스』

황남엽 ( Nam Yeob Hwang ) 21세기영어영문학회 2018 영어영문학21 Vol.31 No.3

The Awakening (1899) by Kate Chopin, an American writer, and Plastic Sex (1998) by Namhee Lee, a Korean writer, reveal sexual minorities being alienated from mainstream society. This perspective is expressed through the heroines of the two novels, Edna and Eunmyung. Edna in The Awakening and Eunmyung in Plastic Sex, who have suffered from the male-centered and heterosexual society, rethink the assumptions of traditional sexuality struggling to find themselves and resist the social norms by reacting against the notions of established femininity. Through the homosexual disposition, Edna explores the different faces of woman’s sexual desire, that is, Edna uses ‘a kind of subtle love’ beyond sisterhood among female friends, Adele and Reisz, and tries to establish her own sexual identity. While Edna expresses her homosexual disposition as an agent seeking for her identity, Eunmyung represents her lesbian identity more directly than Edna, and searches to fulfill her carnal desire with her female friend, Chorok. Eunmyung insists that a woman can pursue sex for sensual pleasure based on equal sexual and emotional relations to a female partner, while avoiding the worries of pregnancy and sexual harassment by a man. As such, Edna and Eunmyung’s sexual orientations imply that a homosexual’s unfulfilled desires start showing up as a personal entity both in America and Korea. In this context, Chopin and Lee carve the path not for the collective, but for the individual, more clearly the homosexual woman, who begins to establish her own sexual identity.