바이오매스와 바이오 에너지-바이오매스 잠재량 추정 및 세계 바이오에너지 이용 현황 및 전망

홍은미,최진용,Hong, Eun-Mi,Choe, Jin-Yong 한국관개배수위원회 2007 한국관개배수논문집 Vol.14 No.2

1924년 제작 예산 향천사의 불교회화 연구

홍은미(Hong Eun Mee) 사)동북아불교미술연구소 2020 불교문화재연구 Vol.1 No.

일제강점기에 일본불교의 유입과 총독부의 사찰령공포, 서구의 새로운 문화양상 도입 등으로 한국사회와 불교계는 선풍진작운동을 전개시켜나가고자 했으며 재가불교, 거사불교 세력이 형성되어나갔다. 이러한 변화의 흐름 속에서 향천사는 1924년 야외에서 봉행하는 의식에 필요한 불화 18점을 조성했다. 불화를 조성하던 당시 향천사의 주지는 금계 동영이었으며 불화조성에 참여한 수화승으로는 금호약효, 화승으로는 정연, 목우, 몽화, 경인, 재찬, 내순 등이 동참하였다. 수화승 금호당(錦湖堂) 약효(若效)는 19세기 후반부터 20세기 초반까지 활발하게 100여점이 넘는 불화를 제작하였다. 약효의 작품은 화풍에 있어서 전통 불화를 지향하면서도 근대불화요소인 서양화법이 공존하는 양상을 보인다. 약효가 제작한 1924년 조성된 향천사 불화들은 보응문성과 금용일섭으로 이어지는 불화승 계보연구와 미술사연구에도 중요한 요소가 될 것이다. 한편, 향천사괘불과 의식용 장엄불화에 묵서된 화기에 의하면 불화조성에 참여한 재가불자 시주현황을 확인할 수 있다. 시주자 집안의 핵심인물 을축생 김진섭은 향천사 불화조성 당시 예산지역에 거주하면서 호서은행을 창립하고 다년간 두취(은행장)로 활약하였으며 예산농촌청년훈련소에 1만원을 기부하기도 했다. 1930년대에는 <오대산석존정골탑찬양지회> 활동에도 동참하였던 재가 불자이다. 본 연구에서는 1924년 조성된 향천사 불화를 통해서 근대기 변화의 흐름 속에서 조성된 불화의 새로운 경향과 근대적 요소를 찾아 보았으며 아울러 사찰 후원 등에 관한 문헌과 자료를 찾아 재가불자들의 향천사를 비롯한 사찰불사에 후원한 의미를 미력하나마 밝힐 수 있는 계기를 마련하였다. Founded in 652 by the monk Uigak, Hyangcheonsa Temple has been regarded as an important temple in the Yesan area since the Joseon Dynasty. In the Hyangcheonsa Historical Book, it is recorded that the work to paint the Mita Kannon Saeji Samjonsang (Three statues of Amita, Avalokitesvara and Sthamaprapta Bodhisattva) and the main Buddha statue in Cheonbuljeon with gold and plaster was completed in order to restore the temple in 1911, during the Japanese colonial period. During this period, the Korean society and the Buddhist community have tried to maintain and propagate the Zen tradition in responding to the influx of Japanese Buddhism, the government-general's promulgation of temple decrees, and the introduction of new cultural aspects from the West, and thereby lay Buddhist groups and especially laymen-led Buddhist groups were formed. These lay Buddhist groups have emerged as a leading force rather than a role for assisting the monastics while advocating the modernization of the society and popularization of the modernization of Buddhism. In the midst of these changes, 18 tangkas necessary for outdoor rituals were created in the Hyangcheonsa in 1924. At the time when the Buddhist painting was created, the head of the Hyangcheonsa was Keum-gye Dong-yeong. Geumhodang Yakhyo was the leading monk painter and the monk painters like Mokwoo, Monghwa, Gyeongin, Jaechan, and Naesoon have participated in the work of the Buddhist painting. The leading monk painter Geumhodang Yakhyo has led the work for 18 Buddhist paintings. He began with Seokgaseolbeopdo (the tangka of the Sakyamuni Buddha giving dharma talk) in Bongyeongsa in 1879 and painted the Seokgaseolbeopdo in Magoksa and the Gwaebultaeng (Buddhist ceremonial painting) in 1924. He actively produced more than 100 pieces of Buddhist paintings from the late 19th century to the early 20th century. In Chungcheong province, a number of the Buddhist paintings have been produced by Yakhyo and his disciples who were part of his school formed since Yakhyo has worked in earnest. Yakhyo, who was active as a leading monk painter from 1883 to 1924, established his own icon and used it in his works. Particularly, Yakhyo's works show a pattern in which the modern Buddhist elements seem to coexists with the art of western painting while oriented towards traditional Buddhist paintings. I think that the work of creating Buddhist paintings in collaboration with the apprentice is more meaningful because the Buddhist paintings of Hyangcheonsa created in 1924 were led by Yak-hyo to explore their style and characteristics. It will be an important factor to the research on the genealogy of Buddhist monk painters and Buddhist art history, followed by Munseong Boeungdang and Il-seop Kim.   On the other hand, a document written on Gwaebultaeng and Buddhist painting for ceremonies of Hyangcheonsa shows the list of lay Buddhists who have donated to work of the Buddhist paintings. It is necessary to look closely at the Kim Jin-seop family among them. Kim Jin-seop, his wife, Ms. Jang, two sons and their wives were on the list. Key donor Kim Jin-seop was born in Mapo, Seoul in 1865 to Kim Hong-seong and his wife Ms. Jeong from Jinju. At the time of the creation of the Hyangcheonsa Buddhist painting, he founded Hoseo Bank while living in the Yesan area, and played an active role as the head of the bank for many years, and donated 10,000 won to the Yesan Rural Youth Training Center. By establishing Yukyeonghoe, he took the lead in education and charity projects, and after the creation of the Hyangcheonsa Buddhist painting, he continued to support Buddhist temples. In the 1930s, he participated in the activities of the Odaesanseokjon Jeonggol Tower Praise Branch. In this paper, a new trend and modern elements of the Buddhist painting created in the modern times were identified through the Hyangcheonsa Buddhist painting created in 1924. Lay Buddhists’ contributions were examined centering on the Kim Jin-seop family appearing in the donor list. In addition, it provided an opportunity to disclose the significance of lay Buddhists’ sponsorship for Buddhist temples including Hyangcheonsa Temple by searching for documents and materials related to temple sponsorship.

잣나무림에서의 시기별 토층별 토양수분 특성분석

홍은미,최진용,유승환,남원호,Hong, Eun-Mi,Choi, Jin-Yong,Yoo, Seung-Hwan,Nam, Won-Ho 한국농공학회 2012 한국농공학회논문집 Vol.54 No.4

Soil moisture plays a pivotal role in hydrological processes, especially in the forest which covers more than 64% of the national land. Soil moisture was monitored to analyze soil moisture change characteristics in terms of time and soil layers in this study. 2 Years soil moisture change data was obtained from the experimental nut pine forest and statistical analysis including auto-correlation and cross-corelation among soil moisture data from different soil layers was conducted. Using the monitored soil moisture data, a relationship between soil moisture change and precipitation was analyzed and seasonal soil moisture change characteristics were analyzed. From the result of inter-relationships among soil layers in terms of season and time lag, soil moisture change characteristics in the nut pine forest were upper soil layers were much sensitive than lowers, and seasonal variation if soil moisture for upper soil layers were bigger than lowers showing low correlation with precipitation in winter and spring due to freezing and snowfalls.

오이 시설재배지에서의 토양수분 소비특성 분석

홍은미,최진용,남원호,강문성,장정렬,Hong, Eun Mi,Choi, Jin-Yong,Nam, Won Ho,Kang, Moon-Seong,Jang, Jeong-Ryel 한국농공학회 2014 한국농공학회논문집 Vol.56 No.2

Water for crop growth were supplied by irrigation in protected cultivation and these are accumulated in the soil and utilized for crop evapotranspiration. The study for analyzing soil moisture characteristics is necessary for adequate irrigation water and soil water management in protected cultivation. Soil moisture content, irrigation water quantity and meteorological data were monitored to analyze soil moisture increment and extraction characteristics in terms of soil layers and cucumber crop growth stages. In first cropping period, the total amount of irrigation water was 5.07 mm/day, soil moisture increment was 4.82 mm/day and soil moisture extraction was 5.56 mm/day. In second cropping period, the total amount of irrigation water was 4.82 mm/day, soil moisture increment was 4.65 mm/day and soil moisture extraction was 4.73 mm/day. Soil moisture extraction rate from 0 to 75 cm is 90.3 % in first cropping period and 79.1 % in second cropping period. The majority irrigation water were consumed in root zone, however, about 15 % of soil moisture were losses by infiltration in lower soil layer. Soil moisture extraction and extraction pattern of cucumber crop calculated in this study can be utilized as a basic data for irrigation water management in protected cultivation.

실시간 관개수로 수위 모니터링을 활용한 논 관개용수 공급적정성 평가

홍은미,남원호,최진용,김진택,Hong, Eun Mi,Nam, Won-Ho,Choi, Jin-Yong,Kim, Jin-Taek 한국농공학회 2014 한국농공학회논문집 Vol.56 No.4

Appropriate amount of water supply to paddy fields in proper time is important to achieve efficient agricultural water management. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the irrigation water supply adequacy for paddy fields using water level data in irrigation canals. For the evaluation, the real-time water level data were collected from main canals in the Dongjin irrigation district for 2 years. Using the water level data, delivered irrigation water amounts at the distribution points of each canal were calculated. The water balance model for paddy field was designed considering intermittent irrigation and the irrigation water requirement was estimated. Irrigation water supply adequacy was analyzed from main canals to the irrigation blocks based on the comparison between estimated requirement and delivered irrigation water amounts. From the adequacy analysis, irrigation water supply showed poor management condition in 2012 with low efficiency except the Daepyong canal section, and the adequacy in 2013 was good or fair except the Yongsung canal section. When irrigation water for paddy fields was insufficient, water supply adequacy was affected by irrigation area, but when irrigation water was enough to supply, adequacy was affected by distance from main canal to distribution points. These results of the spatial and temporal dimensions of the irrigation adequacy could be utilized for efficient irrigation water management to improve the temporal uniformity and equity in the water distribution for paddy fields.

바이오순환림의 저농도액비 시용에 따른 토양수 및 지하수 수질 영향 분석

홍은미,최진용,유승환,남원호,여진기,최인규,Hong, Eun-Mi,Choi, Jin-Yong,Yoo, Seung-Hwan,Nam, Won-Ho,Yeo, Jin-Kie,Choi, In-Gyu 한국농공학회 2010 한국농공학회논문집 Vol.52 No.5

Manure recycling as fertilizer is one of solutions for the environmental problem related with livestock manure treatment as well as the ocean dumping ban act prohibiting manure disposal to the ocean. For the manure disposal, forest area can be a candidate place because the area has a wide range of applicable sites. However, the manure application to the forest has a possibility of causing environmental impacts including water quality problems due to nutrient loading. Therefore it is necessary to investigate water quality impact from manure disposal to the forestry plantation. In this study, ground and soil water quality had been monitored in the bio-circulation experimental forest where low concentration liquid manure (LCLM) was applied. Soil and groundwater samples were collected and analyzed weekly from April to October in 2008 and 2009. The mean and variation of NO3-N concentration in soil water of LCLM treatment places showed higher concentration than the reference places declining during growing season. In the case of groundwater from monitoring well in the downstream of disposal site, the $NO_3$-N concentration was 3.59 mg/L in 2008 and 3.26 mg/L in 2009 in average showing higher concentration than the reference well although the concentration was not exceed the national drinking water standard. To investigate the source of nitrate, $\delta^{15}N$ isotope analysis was also implemented. Its result showed that the LCLM application could be the nitrate source requiring further long-term monitoring soil and water quality.

액비 시비에 따른 포플러시험포 토양수 및 천층지하수 수질 영향 평가

홍은미,최진용,남원호,이상현,유승환,Hong, Eun-Mi,Choi, Jin-Yong,Nam, Won-Ho,Lee, Sang-Hyun,Yoo, Seung-Hwan 한국농공학회 2015 한국농공학회논문집 Vol.57 No.1

As livestock manure treatment is becoming a problem, manure application in forest plantation is recommended as an alternative. In this study, to investigate the impact due to liquid manure application in forest plantation, soil, soil water and shallow groundwater quality had been monitored in poplar experimental site where the liquid manure (LM) was applied. Water samples were collected weekly during growing season (April to October) from 2008 to 2011. From the monitoring results, phosphorus concentration in the soil and soil water had no significant difference between LM and control plots. $NO_3$-N concentration of soil water in LM, however, showed higher concentration (13.6 mg/l at 40 cm, 35.1 mg/l at 80 cm) than control plot (1.5 mg/l at 40 cm, 0.5 mg/l at 80 cm). In case of shallow groundwater quality, pH, heavy metal, etc. were satisfied to the national agricultural water quality standard of groundwater and there were no significant difference between upstream and downstream. The $NO_3$-N concentration of shallow groundwater was also not exceeded the national drinking water standard. However, $NO_3$-N concentration in soil water and downstream of shallow groundwater had increased in 2011 when non-composted LM was applied mostly in non-growing season of tree (September). From the results, it is important to control nitrogen source, application time and decomposed or not when LM is applied. In addition, to investigate nitrate source, further long-term monitoring and modelling could be necessary.

강원지역 강우유출 비점오염 발생 및 관리 방안 소개

홍은미,임경재,오승민,김동진,Hong, Eun-Mi,Im, Gyeong-Jae,O, Seung-Min,Kim, Dong-Jin 한국수자원학회 2021 물과 미래(한국수자원학회지) Vol.54 No.2

2021년도부터 제3차 비점오염원관리종합대책이 시행되고, 정부 부처 물환경관리 대책도 유역관리중심 강우유출수관리 중심을 전환되고 있다. 이러한 비점오염관리에 대한 정책 변화 발 맞추어 원주지방환경청에서는 지역거점형 「비점오염관리 연구·지원센터」를 설립하고, 강원지역 한강 상류 수계에 분포하고 있는 고랭지밭에서 배출되는 흙탕물 발생 저감을 위한 다양한 발생원 관리 비점오염 저감사업을 추진하고 있다. 그 외에도 강원도 지자체 및 이해관계기관에서는 흙탕물 저감 교육 및 거버넌스 활성화 프로그램 개발 및 운영에 힘쓰고 있다. 이러한 강원지역 비점오염저감을 위한 다양한 노력을 통해 향후 유역단위 흙탕물 저감 방안 마련과 상하류간 이해 증진, 민원 해결, 그리고 비용·경제적 실효성 있는 문제 해결을 기대해 본다.

침엽수 산림에서의 토양수분 감쇄특성 분석

홍은미,최진용,남원호,유승환,Hong, Eun-Mi,Choi, Jin-Yong,Nam, Won-Ho,Yoo, Seung-Hwan 한국농공학회 2011 한국농공학회논문집 Vol.53 No.4

Forest area covers 64 % of the national land of Korea and the forest plays a pivotal role in the hydrological process such as flood, drought, runoff, infiltration, evapotranspiration, etc. In this study, soil moisture monitoring for conifer forest in experimental forest of Seoul National University has been conducted using FDR (Frequency Domain Reflection) for 6 different soil layers, 10, 20, 30, 60, 90 and 120 cm during 2009~2010, and precipitation data was collected from nearby AWS (Automatic Weather Station). Soil moisture monitoring data were used to estimate soil moisture recession constant (SMRC) for analyzing soil moisture recession characteristics. From the results, empirical soil moisture recession equations were estimated and validated to determine the feasibility of the result, and soil moisture contents of measured and calculated showed a similar tendency from April to November. Thus, the results can be applied for soil moisture estimation and provided the basic knowledge in forest soil moisture consumption. Nevertheless, this approach demonstrated applicability limitations during winter and early spring season due to freezing and melting of snow and ice causing peculiar change of soil moisture contents.

LARS-WG를 이용한 기후변화에 따른 논벼 증발산량 산정

홍은미,최진용,이상현,유승환,강문성,Hong, Eun-Mi,Choi, Jin-Yong,Lee, Sang-Hyun,Yoo, Seung-Hwan,Kang, Moon-Seong 한국농공학회 2009 한국농공학회논문집 Vol.51 No.3

Climate change due to global warming possibly effects the agricultural water use in terms of evapotranspiration. Thus, to estimate rice evapotranspiration under the climate change, future climate data including precipitation, minimum and maximum temperatures for 90 years ($2011{\sim}2100$), were forecasted using LARS-WG. Observed 30 years ($1971{\sim}2000$) climate data and climate change scenario based on SRES A2 were prepared to operate the LARS-WG model. Using these data and FAO Blaney-Criddle method, reference evapotranspiration and rice evapotranspiration were estimated for 9 different regions in South Korea and rice evapotranspiration of 10 year return period was estimated using frequency analysis. As the results of this study, rice evapotranspiration of 10 year return period increased 1.56%, 5.99% and 10.68% for each 30 years during $2011{\sim}2100$ (2025s; $2011{\sim}2040$, 2055s; $2041{\sim}2070$, 2085s; $2071{\sim}2100$) demonstrating that the increased temperature from the climate change increases the consumptive use of crops and agricultural water use.