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허세문 ( Hoe Se-moon ),김건희 ( Kim Keon-hee ) 국어학회 2022 국어학 Vol.- No.101
The purpose of this paper is to shed new light on the study of the factive presupposition. In certain attitude environments, the presence vs. absence of the factivity is solely attributed to a complement choice in Korean. For the first, regardless of whether it is selected by a factive predicate or non-factive predicate, a kes-ul complement should trigger a factive presupposition. On the other hand, kes-uro complements exhibit the opposite pattern: factivity never arises. At a glance, ko complements seem to behave similar to kes-uro complements, but some complications remain. To explain these disparities, this paper seeks a principled way to specify the proper discourse status of each complement. (I) At-issueness: This paper claims that the content of kes-uro complements should amount to discourse new information. In this respect, it should be excluded from the previous Common Ground, thereby cannot be presupposed. (II) Speaker’s commitment and the lack of factivity: Departing from the widely held assumption on the presupposition triggers, it is emphasized that kes-ul complements are not a soft trigger. If the speaker directly commits to the content of the complement, and thus the factive presupposition should be suspended, either a kes-uro or ko complement should be used in Korean. (III) Central evidence. (i) embedded focalization: The embedded materials of a kes-ul complement cannot be focalized due to the givenness property of the complement. In cases of ko complements, only when the complement gains the at-issue property, the embedded focalization is allowed. Within kes-ulo complements, however, there is no constraint on focalization. (ii) The matrix negation: Due to the at-issue status, even if a content of kes-uro complements is supposed to be backgrounded, matrix negation is never allowed. When a kes-ul complement is involved, however, the embedding predicate can be freely negated. As for ko complements, only if the content of the complement is not directly committed by the speaker, the matrix negation is available. (IV) An apparent factive variation: It has been argued that cwul complements show a factivity variation which is sensitive to focus-prosody. Under the current analysis, however, it turns out that such a variation stems from a structural ambiguity. By demonstrating that there are two instances of cwul complements, it is shown that while the first one should trigger the factive presupposition similar to kes-ul complements, the other is confined to express an at-issue content, and thus just like kes-uro complements, cannot be used in matrix negative contexts.
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허세문(Hoe Se-moon),박유경(Park Yu-gyeong) 한글학회 2015 한글 Vol.- No.308
본고는 한국어의 두 원인절인 ‘어서’-절과 ‘니까’-절의 의미 차이를 ‘시점’의 측면에서 논의한다. 우선 심리 술어와의 분포에서 나타나는 두 원인절의 차이를 시점 전환의 가능성을 통해 분석한다. 특히 화자지향 심리 술어와의 관계를 통해서, ‘니까’-절은 화자의 판단을 기반으로 한 원인과 관련되어 있기 때문에 3인칭 경험주로의 시점 전환을 허가 하지 않고, ‘어서’-절은 화자 지향적 해석을 갖지 않기 때문에 3인칭 경험주로의 시점 전환을 쉽게 허가한다는 것을 살펴본다. 더 나아가, 본고에서는 화행의 맥락에서 나타나는 ‘-어서’와 ‘-니까’의 차이도 시점 전환으로 설명할 수 있다고 주장한다. 화행이 일어나는 직접 담화 맥락에서 청자와 화자의 관계에서 비롯된 화자와 청자 사이의 시점 전환이 존재하며, 이러한 화행의 맥락에서 나타나는 시점 전환은 ‘-니까’ 만이 허용한다고 본다. 이는 화자 자신의 판단과 그 이유를 청자에게 ‘동조’하도록 유도하는 ‘-니까’의 특성 때문이라고 설명한다. 이를 통해 ‘감사, 미안함’을 직접적으로 표현하는 화행의 맥락과 약속문, 명령문, 청유문에서 나타나는 두 원인절의 차이에 대해 설명한다. The main purpose of this paper is to investigate semanticpragmatic properties of Korean causal connectives ‘-ese’ and ‘-nikka’. This paper attempts to explain distributional differences between the two causal connectives in terms of ‘Point of view (POV) shift’. We first show that the two connectives behave differently when they appear with a psych-predicate, such as chupta ‘cold’ or chincelhata ‘kind’. We claim that while ‘-ese’ allows the identification between the speaker and the 3rd person subject through POV shift, ‘-nikka’ does not allow such an identification because of its speaker-oriented property. We also show that there is another kind of obligatory (hearers) POV shift in speech act contexts. Given this, we can explain the different behaviors of the two connectives depending on the different types of speech-act contexts, i.e., thanking/apology type and various types of directive speech acts.
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