King James Bible(1611)의 영어 연구 (2)

咸泳龍 한국영어교육연구학회 2000 영어교육연구 Vol.- No.21

The King James Bible, published in 1611, because of its immense popularity, has exerted a greater influence upon the subsequent development of English grammar or usuage than any other body of literature. In this respect, this study is of great significance. One of the most notable traits in the King James Bible is its use of archaic language. There are, at least, two reasons for this archaic nature of the language of the King James Bible. First reason is the use of the Tyndale's Version(1535) as a common basis for the King James Bible. We know that the King James Bible was, begun in 1604, published in 1611. But its language is not the language of oral speech or of current writing in the period when it was published. Instead its language is not the language of the Elizabethan period. The language of the King James Bible goes back at least seventy-five years, to the time when Tyndale made his translations. It was already, as Butterworth(1941) says, "a little old-fashioned by 1611."17) In other words, the vocabulary of the King James Bible and its style - the way in which the words are put together in sentences - are not the fashion of their time, but goes back to Tyndale. Second reason is concerned with the conservative tendency of the Bible. Language changes constantly. But the public have an enormous respect for the Bible and try to keep it, if possible, unchanged, for they believe in the perfection of the Bible. As a result the Bible retains the older expressions and idioms than those in contemporary literary works. After long time, after all, there comes to lie a discrepancy between the Bible and the present-day readers. Like all of the English Bibles, the King James Bible naturally has this conservative tendency. The other of the most notable traits is its use of linguistic elements in Hebrew. The King James Bible is not an idiomatic translation, but, in many ways, a word-far-word translation. In other words, many peculiar expressions of the original Hebrew language entered into the language of the King James Bible by this word translation and came to dominate a wide range of idioms, style, and even some syntactic aspects of the King James Bible. The following are some major features of Hebrew found in the King James Bible. (1) use of form "noun+of+noun" to express the notion of the superlative degree (2) use of prepositional phrase "of+noun" instead of simple lexical adjectives (3) use of repetition (4) use of parallelism (5) use of paratactical sentences (6) use of direct speech Finally, as the rest of major features in usuage found in the language of the King James Bible are as follows: (1) no use of progressive forms (2) use of flat adverbs

교육계열 평가와 교양교육분야 평가를 마치고

함영용 총신대학교 학생생활지원센터 2002 학생생활연구 Vol.- No.6

성경, 언어 그리고 언어학

함영용 총신대학교 학생생활지원센터 2000 학생생활연구 Vol.- No.4

언어학은 "언어의 내적 구조를 과학적으로 연구하는 학문"을 말한다. 여기서 "언어"라 함은 영어, 한국어, 독일어, 불어 등과 같은 자연언어와 수학이나 논리학의 언어, 컴퓨터 언어, 에스페란토어 등과 같은 인공언어를 포함한 모든 종류의 언어를 가리키며, "내적 구조"라 함은 복잡한 문법적인 체계 뿐만 아니라 말소리와 의미까지도 포함하는 넓은 의미의 구조 즉 음우구조, 형태구조, 통사구조, 의미구조, 화용구조 등을 가르킨다.

흠정역본의 구문연구 : 히브리어법의 영향

함영용 總神大學校 2006 總神大論叢 Vol.26 No.-

해석의미론(Interpretive Semantics)과 생성의미론 (Generative Semantics)의 몇가지 논쟁에 관한 연구

함영용 總神大學校 1985 論文集 Vol.5 No.-

O. Aspects(Chomsky: 1965)이후, 명사화(nominalization)를 둘러싼 논쟁에서 변형에 의해 명사호를 할 것이냐 아니면 심층구조의 어휘부에서 다룰 것이냐의 의견차에서 확대되어, 변형문법은 파생명사어구(derived nominals)를 어휘부에서 직접 처리할 수 있게끔 기저규칙을 확장하고 변형부의 규칙을 간소화하려는 어휘론자의 입장(lexicalist position)과 기저규칙을 간소화하고 대신 변형규칙을 확대하여 이들 파생명사

King James Bible과 Shakespeare, Milton의 동사굴절체계 비교연구

함영용 總神大學校 2000 總神大論叢 Vol.19 No.-

One of the characteristic features of Early Modern English(1500-1700) is the system of verbal inflections. The verbal inflections of Modern English are limited to: (1) the third-person singular present tense -s, (2) a general past tense inflection, often called the preterit, (3) the progressive -ing, and (4) the past participle. However, in the case of Early Modern English, the verb has at least seven forms: (1) base-form, (2) the second-person singular form in the present tense, (3) the third-person singular form in the present tense, (4) progressive form, (5) pastness marked form, (6) the second-person singular form in the past tense, and (7) past participle form. This paper, as a comparative study of inflections of verbs in Early Modern English, is concerned with the systems of English verbal inflections which were available to the King James Bible(1611) translators, Shakespeare, and Milton, and with the differences between them. So the study tries to trace the changes in these systems of verbal inflections in Early Modern English. The chief concern of the present study is: 1. to compare the principles that underlie the selection of the verbal endings in the King James Bible and Shakespeare with those in Milton 2. and to find out the differences between the King James Bible and Shakespeare, on the one hand, and between Shankespeare and Milton, on the other, in terms of the systems of verbal inflections Some of these differences are mentioned below: 1) In the King James Bible the ending -(e)st is always used as the second person singular present tense. In Shakespeare the ending -es or -s occurs instead of -(e)st in many instances. The latter was the earlier form of the second-person inflection, and had been retained in the northern dialect. Meanwhile, in Milton, the ending -(e)st only is used as the second person singular present tense and the -es or -s suffix is never found in any instance of the second person singular. One noticeable thing is that the originally plural form of the verb, governed by the pronoun you, always occurs as a singular in the prose of Milton. This suggests that Milton regards the verb governed by you as the standard form of the singular. 2) In the King James Bible the ending -eth is always used as the third person singular present tense. Shakespeare seldom uses -eth in comic or low-life prose scenes. Meanwhile, Milton is typical of the central seventeenth century in showing a strong preference for -es, in both verse and prose. He does indeed prefer hath to has, but otherwise his use of -eth is infrequent. 3) In Shakespeare the endings -es and -en are used as the third person plural present tense. Shakespeare rarely uses -en just for archaic effect. Meanwhile the ending -en does not occur in the King James Bible and Milton. 4) In the King James Bible and Shakespeare the ending -(e)st is also used as the second person singular past tense. In Milton the use of this ending is confined to the instances in the poetry. Its absence from the prose is explained by the absence of thou forms. 5) The archaic preterits for strong verbs are frequently used in the King James Bible, Shakespeare, and Milton. 6) In the same way that some past participles of strong verbs often were used as preterits in Early Modern English, some preterit forms were used instead of the cognate past participles. While the strong verbs past participles like the preterits are rarely found in the King James Bible, they are found a good deal in Shakespeare. In Milton forms that are ordinarily preterit occur as past participles, along with an instance of the regular participial form of one of them. 7) While other archaic forms of the past participle are rarely found in the King James Bible, they are found somewhat more frequently in Shakespeare and Milton. In the case of participles employing the defunct y-prefix, they are never found in the King James Bible, but a few are found in Shakespeare. Especially, in some instances, "l wiss" is used apparently for the old "y-wiss." Meanwhile only one instance of a y-prefixed participle is found in Milton.

영어어순에 관한 통시적 연구

함영용 總神大學校 1997 總神大論叢 Vol.16 No.-

지배-결속이론의 특징 (1)

함영용 총신대학교 학생생활지원센터 1997 학생생활연구 Vol.- No.1

대학과 사회봉사 : 총신대학교를 중심으로

함영용 총신대학교 학생생활지원센터 1999 학생생활연구 Vol.- No.3

초기근대영어의 관계대명사 용법 연구

함영용 總神大學校 2001 總神大論叢 Vol.20 No.-