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◇ 3분과 : 임업기능인 임금조사를 통한 직종별 기준임금 산정에 관한 연구
한상균 ( Sang Kyun Han ),한한섭 ( Han Sup Han ),우희성 ( Hee Sung Woo ),최병구 ( Byoung Koo Choi ),조민재 ( Min Jae Cho ),차두송 ( Du Song Cha ) 한국임학회 2015 한국산림과학회지 Vol.104 No.4
산림작업은 험준한 산악지에서 주로 작업이 이루어지고 있기 때문에 임업노동자에게 높은 위험수준을 부담하는 노동형태를 띠고 있다. 하지만 이러한 중노동에도 불구하고 건설공사 품셈을 바탕으로 하는 비현실적인 임금체계의 적용으로 인하여 효율적인 작업수행이 이루어지지 않을 뿐만 아니라 임업기능인의 노동생산성도 점차 저하되고 있는 실정이다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 국·사유림 임업기능인 영림단을 대상으로 현행 임금체계의 문제점과 합리적인 임금체계 수립을 위한 설문지 조사를 실시하였다. 또한 설문내용을 바탕으로 임업의 특수성을 고려한 새로운 직종별 적정 임금체계를 개발하였다. 설문조사는 총 19문항으로, 총 659명에게 우편을 통하여 실시하였고, 이 중28.5%의 회신율을 보였다. 조사된 영림단의 평균 적정임금은 지역별로 다소차이를 보였으나, 보통인부가 97,680원/일, 특별인부 127,559원/일, 벌목부는 152,403원/일로 나타났다. 이는 건설협회의 노임단가와 비교했을 때, 적정한 수준이라 판단된다. 또한 현재 분류되고 있는 3개 직종(보통인부, 특별인부, 벌목부)구분 보다는 좀 더 산림작업의 특수성을 반영할 수 있는 5개 직종(산림환경작업부, 초급산림작업인, 중급산림작업인, 고급산림작업인, 산림장비운전사)으로 구분한다면 임업기능인을 위한 현실적이고 안정된 임금체계를 제시 할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다. Working in the forest would require a wide range of skills and experience for specific tasks which involve with a high level of risks to worker’s safety. However, there has been a concern on the current standard wage system for forest workers because it does not effectively reflect the characteristics of typical working conditions in the forest. In addition, the current standard wages for forestry workers was estimated based on the construction industry``s wage system. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to assess a current wage system through the mail survey method and to develop a new wage system for forest worker which effectively reflects skill sets and experience required for successful completion of the work in the forest. We mailed the survey questionnaire consisting of 19 questions to 659 forest workers and received 188 responses resulting in a 28.5% response rate. The results showed that the current average optimal wages of forest worker, special worker and feller were 97,680won/day, 127,559won/day and 152,403won/day, respectively though there were variations depending on the regions. In developing the new standard wage system, this study suggest the current work types(worker, special worker and feller) could be divided into 5 work types (forest-environment workers, forest operations in beginner, forest operations in intermediate, forest operations in advanced and forest equipment operator) reflecting specialty of forest operation thereby stabilizing the new wage system for forest workers.
미서부에서의 산불방지간벌 비용, 에너지생산량 및 양분제거량 예측프로그램 개발
한상균 ( Sang Kyun Han ),한한섭 ( Han Sup Han ) 한국임학회 2014 산림과학 공동학술대회 논문집 Vol.2014 No.-
In this study, a spreadsheet-based model, named ThinTool, was developed to evaluate the cost of mechanical fuel reduction thinning treatments including biomass removal, predict net energy output, and assess nutrient impacts in northern California and southern Oregon. A combination of literature review, field-based studies, and contractor surveys were used to develop this model. Three components (cost, energy output, and nutrient removal) in ThinTool were directly linked to each other. The results are sensitive to stand and site conditions, thinning prescriptions, biomass recovery systems, and road standards and distances. For cost analysis, machine productivities for fuel reduction thinning treatments under three different stand conditions were obtained from 29 local contractors who have worked on fuel reduction thinning treatments in the region. These estimates are then adjusted based on stand variables and work conditions; the productivity adjustment functions were developed for four key variables affecting machine productivity, including the amount of volume to be removed per acre, tree size, percent slope, and skidding distances. Net energy output was estimated by comparing the amount of energy delivered with the total energy consumed to collect, process, and transport the biomass to an energy plant. This function allows users to assess potential energy contribution and identify energy-effective biomass recovery systems. The site nutrient removals were calculated based on the biomass amounts and nutrient contents for each species and the tree components (e.g., limbs, tops, and/or bole wood) to be removed. The outputs help forest managers to examine environmental effects of biomass recovery and provide nutrient retention information for sustainable production of woody biomass. In model validation, the difference between ThinTool-simulated costs and the actual observed costs were 5 percent for sawlog production and 11 percent for biomass production. ThinTool will help forest managers and land owners to effectively address conflicting issues (i.e. nutrient recycling vs. removal of hazardous fuels) that require integration of biomass availability, harvest cost analysis, and environmental effects simultaneously.
Yoader를 이용한 간벌작업 시 작업비용 및 생산성 분석
한상균 ( Sang Kyun Han ),한한섭 ( Han Sup Han ) 한국임학회 2014 산림과학 공동학술대회 논문집 Vol.2014 No.-
Unmanaged second-growth forests in Redwood National Park have resulted in high tree density consisting of non-redwood species. These stands generally require forest restoration treatments to alter tree density and to promote redwood dominance. In this study, a yoader yarding system was implemented on steep ground. Restoration treatment costs of the yoader operations were investigated under two different thinning prescriptions, 25% and 40% basal area reductions. Treatment costs were estimated by detailed time studies. A stand damage survey was also conducted to assess the amount of damage to residual trees during thinning operations. The amount of volume removed had a significant effect on operational costs, regardless of operational methods. Yoader thinning costs increased directly with the amount of volume removed ($6,313/ha at 25% thinning unit and $25,664/ha at 40% thinning unit). The cost difference was due to large amounts of small trees removed and lack of operator experience at the beginning of the thinning operation. When comparing all incurred costs and total revenues estimated in this study, total revenue in the 40% thinning unit was not enough to offset additional costs incurred by recovering biomass for energy production. Yarding was the most expensive component in the thinning operation and the sensitivity analysis showed that high yarding productivity is critical in minimizing overall treatment costs. Thinning intensities significantly affected residual stand damage: the 40% thinning unit had more severe residual stand damage than the 25% thinning unit.
2중 무선 클램프 반송기를 이용한 굴삭기 기반 타워야더의 생산성 및 비용 분석
최윤성 ( Yun-sung Choi ),조민재 ( Min-jae Cho ),문호성 ( Ho-seong Mun ),김대현 ( Dae-hyun Kim ),차두송 ( Du-song Cha ),한상균 ( Sang-kyun Han ),오재헌 ( Jae-heun Oh ) 한국산림과학회(구 한국임학회) 2018 한국산림과학회지 Vol.107 No.3
본 연구에서는 모두베기 작업지에서 2중 무선 클램프 반송기를 적용한 굴삭기 기반 타워야더의 집재작업 생산성 및 비용을 분석하였다. 집재작업의 생산성은 6.2 ㎥/SMH(기계이용률 80.4%)이고, 비용은 13,705 won/㎥으로 나타났다. 이 결과는 기존 연구결과에 비해 최대 집재거리가 길었음에도 불구하고 가선설치용 견인줄(Straw line)을 이용한 가선설치로 집재선 가선설치 시간이 단축되었으며, 2중 무선 클램프 반송기 적용으로 인해 생산성이 향상되고 비용이 절감된 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 원료재급과 임목축적 137 ㎥/ha 기준으로 집재작업의 생산재적에 따른 최소작업량과 최소작업면적은 리기다소나무의 경우 각각 558.3 ㎥ 및 4.1 ha였고 , 신갈나무의 경우 433.7 ㎥ 및 3.2 ha로 나타났다. 향후, 다양한 작업현장에서 집재기계별 최소작업량 및 최소작업면적에 관한 데이터를 구축하면, 집재작업에 효율적인 집재기계를 선정할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다. This study was conducted in clear cutting stands. For the whole-tree yarding operation, a tower-yarder based on excavator with a radio-controlled double clamp carriage was applied to analyze yarding productivity and cost. The productivity and cost of yarding operation was 6.2 ㎥/SMH(machine utilization rate, 80.4%) and 13,705 won/㎥, respectively. Although the maximum yarding distance was longer than the previous studies, the setting up time of the tower-yarder was decreased as used straw line. The application of the radio-controlled double clamp carriage improved productivity and reduced costs. Based on the fuel log and growing stock(137.0 ㎥/ha), the minimum production(㎥) and area(ha) were 558.3 ㎥ and 4.1 ha for Pinus rigida stands and 433.7 ㎥ and 3.2 ha for Quercus mongolica stands, respectively. Based on the this study, it will be possible to select an efficient yarding machine by accumulation of data on minimum production and area for many machines in various harvesting sites.