수도권 대기 중 입자상 물질로 인한 건강부담 추정과 불확실성

하종식(Jongsik Ha),문난경(Nankyoung Moon) 한국대기환경학회 2013 한국대기환경학회지 Vol.29 No.3

건강영향평가 분야에서의 위해소통을 위한 리스크 테이블 제작 연구

하종식 ( Jongsik Ha ),이영수 ( Youngsoo Lee ),강유진 ( Eugene Kang ) 한국환경연구원 2016 한국환경정책평가연구원 기초연구보고서 Vol.2016 No.-

In South Korea, under article 13 of the Environmental Health Act, Health Impact Assessment (HIA) is being carried out to examine the category of hygiene and public health within the framework of the environmental impact assessment. Thus, HIA can be defined as a means to modify development projects or programs by measuring the negative health impacts that these programs may impose on certain groups of population. Risk Communication (RC) of the assessment results with the local community and the public is an essential part of HIA that seeks to maximize positive impacts and minimize negative impacts of development projects. The aim, subject, and method of RC are relatively well-defined within the context of HIA. However, as it stands, guidelines regarding risk information is quite insufficient and discrete. This study aims to develop a Risk Table, which provides risk information in the current HIA of South Korea, analyze its implications, and suggest its application in, for instance, pilot tests. The paper begins with information about the most recent concepts of RC and its usage in HIA. In the next part, principles to be adopted for the preparation of the Risk Table are defined by considering quantitative methodologies of HIA and by reviewing national and international case studies on producing Risk Tables. The final outcome of the study consists of a Risk Table with 17 selected risk factors within the risk boundary of 10^-7 and 10^-3. The Risk Table is expected to be used as a relative index for quantitative assessments in HIA, and is presented as infographics to allow better RC with the public. The study concludes by suggesting possible ways to improve the risk table itself, and also the application of the Risk Table as a means for RC in HIA.

수용체 지향의 건강영향평가를 위한 잠재노출 인구수의 산정·활용 가능성 연구

하종식 ( Jongsik Ha ) 한국환경영향평가학회 2018 환경영향평가 Vol.27 No.2

Health impact assessment in South Korea is carried out within the framework of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA). And, public health and hygiene items in EIA as an evaluation of health impact items were designed to calculate the emission level of hazardous air pollutants from specific development projects, and the exposure concentration at major sites, and to assess the health risk associated with these projects. But, the assessment of the receptor characteristics around the development project is limitedly considered. The purpose of this study is to propose the method of calculation of potential exposed population and the use of it for public health and hygiene items in EIA. The data for the calculation of potential exposed population in South Korea were identified. And the calculation algorithm based on them was proposed. After that, in a development of industrial complex, a case analysis was carried out assuming the release of hazardous air pollutants. This study suggested that the concept of population risk should be applied in risk assessment utilizing the potential exposed population and as a future study, a standard of assessment of health effects for population risk should be established. Finally, the possibility of using this study as a location-limiting tool for the development project was presented through the method of calculating the potential exposed population. It is meaningful that this study presented a method for performing risk assessment from the perspective of receptors around a development project.

기후 · 대기 환경정책에 활용하기 위한 건강 위해성 평가 개선 연구 농도반응함수의 국내 표준안을 중심으로

하종식 ( Jongsik Ha ),최영웅,송지윤,정옥진,양태경 한국환경연구원 2016 기본연구보고서 Vol.2016 No.-

Health Risk Assessment (HRA) is an important tool for measuring the impacts of air pollution which can be useful in designing environmental policies related to climate and atmosphere. In some countries, HRA is already being used widely as an important reference in formulating climate and air policies. Likewise, over the past few years, the South Korean Ministry of Environment has been utilizing HRA in some cases for similar purposes. However, as of now, no nationally defined standard assessment form for HRA exists. More importantly, the absence of standard concentration response functions (CRFs) form naturally leads to incoherence in the assessment results, which in turn could cause confusion amongst policy-makers. The purpose of this study is to tabulate and test a national standard CRFs form, which could be used in HRAs, and would allow researchers and policy-makers to make reasonable estimations on the health risks of exposure to pollution related to climate and atmosphere. This study, with the aim of improving the applicability of existing national CRFs, suggests a standard CRFs form to be used in HRAs, and as a process to derive the final outcome, is divided into three core sections: i) research on HRA concepts, and real world applications on environmental policies concerning climate and atmosphere; ii) analysis of various HRA methodologies and; iii) tabulating and testing the national standard form. In the second part, the paper discusses the concept of HRA, its application in the real world and implications, scope of study, methodologies and inherent problems associated with the field of study, and possibilities for improvement. The third part of the paper discusses in detail the statistical models, parameters, and uncertainties pertaining to methodologies. To be specific, the paper summarizes theories and logics behind 4 statistical models, used to derive CRFs and Health Impact Functions (HIFs), both of which are important aspects of HRAs in epidemiological studies. Information about the methodological and empirical uncertainties was collected and taken into account during the preparation of a standard CRFs form. In the fourth part, the paper suggests a national standard form for selecting CRFs to be used in HRAs for decision-making or other similar purposes. After a thorough and systematic literature review, characteristics of the selected empirical results were carefully analysed and categorized. The empirical results adopted in the study range between the years 1980-2015 and a total of 102 results were selected to be used as a database. Following a standardized screening process, we chose 36 empirical results to be used in the final standard form. This process included categorizing the database results according to the characteristics of pollutants, exposure, and health impacts, and meta-analysis of the base CRFs within possible boundaries. The CRFs included in the final standard form were then ranked according to their applicability in policy design or assessment, and was tested using pre-existing data on pollutant concentrations and exposures. This study is important in that it suggests a standardized national CRFs form with possibilities for application in policy-making. It examines various epidemiological studies in South Korea and comparatively reviews past HRAs. Based on these results, the paper concludes by suggesting further area of study with respect to using HRA as a policy tool for designing and implementing environmental policies concerning climate and atmosphere.

환경영향평가서 내 건강영향 항목 추가 · 평가의 방법론적 현황과 개선

하종식 ( Jongsik Ha ) 한국환경영향평가학회 2020 환경영향평가 Vol.29 No.6

The addition and evaluation of health impact items in Environmental Impact Assessment document are written in hygiene and public health items only for specific development projects and are being reviewed. However, after the publication of the evaluation manual on the addition and evaluation of health impact items in 2011, there is a demand for continuous methodology and improvement plans despite partial improvement. Therefore, in order to propose a methodological improvement of the evaluation manual, this technical paper identified detailed improvement requirements based on the consultation opinions on hygiene and public health items, and investigated and suggested ways to solve this problem by reviewing the contents of the research so far. As for the improvement requirements, the contents related to mitigation plan, post management, effect prediction, assessment, and present-condition investigation were presented in Environmental Impact Assessment documents for the entire development project at a frequency of 93%, 85%, 80%, 74%, and 67%, respectively. Particularly, the detailed improvement requirements related to mitigation plan consisted of an establishment direction and a management of development project. Considering the current evaluation manual and the frequency of improvement requirements, this paper proposed concrete methods or improvement plans for major methodologies for each classification of hygiene and public health items. Furthermore, a comprehensive evaluation methodology related to whether a project is implemented was proposed, which is not provided in the current assessment manual.

환경영향평가서 위생·공중보건 항목의 위해성 평가 개선 연구

하종식 ( Jongsik Ha ),김경호,김유미,양경,최영웅,양태경 한국환경연구원 2017 기본연구보고서 Vol.2017 No.-

Health Impact Assessment(HIA) in South Korea is conducted as a process for assessing and reducing the health impacts of the project under the 「Environmental Health Act」 Article 13. Individual mitigation plan is being prepared based on evaluation of the adverse effects of air quality (odor), water quality, and noise and vibration caused by development projects. However, current HIA has limitations on the risk assessment and reduction plan considering the distribution of residential and active population around development projects, and also has limitation on the integrated impact assessment combining various health hazards on receptor. The purpose of this study is to suggest methodological improvement measures for the risk assessment in the evaluation of the hygiene and public health items within the receptor-centered environmental impact assessment. The methodological improvement measures include establishing the conceptual and detailed methodology for the receptor-centered risk assessment, applying pilot project, and proposing an improvement reporting manual for the current hygiene and public health items. The main contents of this study are as follows. Chapter 2 describes the environmental impact assessment and evaluation of health impacts as HIA, the general concept of risk assessment, and the improvement requirements related to risk assessment in HIA. The chapter also examines the urgent requirements for future improvement. Chapter 3 presents the concept and application level based on the literature review of the concepts related to the risk assessment of the receptor-centered risk and the integrated risk assessment. Based on these results, this study suggests a methodology of receptors distribution for the actual application, the concept and criteria of risk considering the receptor exposure level, the possibility of performing the cumulative risk assessment and the future direction. Chapter 4 presents the results of the analysis on the receptor distribution related to the receptor-centered risk assessment and the results of the applied pilot risk assessment. Moreover, it suggests the improvement reporting manual for the current HIA. This study is significant in that it suggests an improved methodology for the risk assessment which is currently utilized in the domestic HIA. In this study, an improved and application measure for the risk assessment focusing on the diffusion of harmful substances which are generated by development projects is suggested, considering the distribution characteristics of the surrounding receptors. The study also suggests the future direction of the integrated risk assessment. As a follow-up study, development of the tools related to HIA and researched on the health impacts of the cumulative exposure is suggested.

하절기 기온상승으로 인한 사망의 기여부담 변화

하종식(Jongsik Ha) 한국환경보건학회 2012 한국환경보건학회지 Vol.38 No.6

Objectives: Due to global warming resulting from climate change, there has been increasing interest in the relationship between temperature and mortality. These temperature-related deaths depend on diverse conditions related to a given place and person, as well as on time. This study examined changes in the impact of high temperatures on death in summer, using the effect and burden of elevated temperatures on deaths in Seoul and Daegu. Methods: A Poisson regression model was used to estimate short-term temperature effects on mortality. Temperature-related risks were divided into three time periods of equal length (1996-2000, 2001-2005, and 2006-2010). In addition, in order to compare the impact of high temperatures on deaths, this study calculated the proportion of attributable deaths to population, which simultaneously considers the threshold and the slope above the threshold. Results: The effect and burden of high temperatures on deaths is high in Daegu. However, the impact (i.e. the effect and burden) of elevated summer temperatures on deaths has declined over the past 15 years. Sensitivity analyses using alternative thresholds show the robustness of these findings. Conclusion: This study suggests that the attributable burden of high temperatures on deaths to be more plausible than relative risk or threshold for comparing the health impact of high temperatures across populations. Moreover, these results contain important implications for the development or the adjustment of present and future strategies and policies for controlling the temperature-related health burden on populations.

입자상 대기오염물질의 건강 위해성 평가를 위한 국내 농도반응함수 도출

하종식(Jongsik Ha) 한국환경보건학회 2017 한국환경보건학회지 Vol.43 No.3

Objectives: HRA (Health Risk Assessment) is an important tool for measuring the health impacts of air pollution. HRA is already being used widely as an important reference for crafting air pollution policies. However, the absence of a domestic CRF (Concentration Response Function) standard, which is a main component for HRA, could cause confusion amongst policy-makers. The purpose of this study is to tabulate a domestic CRF standard for a PM (Particulate Matter)-related HRA. Methods: This study suggested a domestic CRF standard for HRA thorough a literature review. The literature review for meta-analysis was limited to the English language for epidemiological studies published from January 1980 to March 2016. This meta-analysis was conducted by assuming both fixed- and random-effects of CRF. In addition, studies that reported HRA of air pollution for WHO (World Health Organization), the EC (European Commission), and the EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) were reviewed to compare the CRFs of South Korea to the recommended CRFs of WHO, the EC, or the EPA. Additionally, a domestic CRF standard was supplemented by these. Results: Nineteen studies were selected for the CRF for South Korea. Fifty-three CRFs were derived for metaanalysis. CRFs with a standard for PM-related HRA were divided according to the following four criteria: air pollution, exposure characteristics, type of health impact, and age group. Finally, a domestic CRF standard was created comprised of 21 CRFs. Among these, six CRFs were derived from the results of foreign HRA studies. Conclusions: This study is important in that a domestic CRF standard is first suggested. In addition, this study suggests a further area of study for using HRA as a policy tool and a direction of epidemiological study

한국의 건강 분야 기후변화적응 연구동향 분석

하종식(Ha, Jongsik) 한국기후변화학회 2014 한국기후변화학회지 Vol.5 No.2

기후변화로 인한 고온의 미래 사망부담 추정

양지훈,하종식,Yang, Jihoon,Ha, Jongsik 한국환경보건학회 2013 한국환경보건학회지 Vol.39 No.1

Objectives: Elevated temperatures during summer months have been reported since the early 20th century to be associated with increased daily mortality. However, future death impacts of high temperatures resulting from climate change could be variously estimated in consideration of the future changes in historical temperature-mortality relationships, mortality, and population. This study examined the future death burden of high temperatures resulting from climate change in Seoul over the period of 2001-2040. Methods: We calculated yearly death burden attributable to high temperatures stemming from climate change in Seoul from 2001-2040. These future death burdens from high temperature were computed by multiplying relative risk, temperature, mortality, and population at any future point. To incorporate adaptation, we assumed future changes in temperature-mortality relationships (i.e. threshold temperatures and slopes), which were estimated as short-term temperature effects using a Poisson regression model. Results: The results show that climate change will lead to a substantial increase in summer high temperature-related death burden in the future, even considering adaptation by the population group. The yearly death burden attributable to elevated temperatures ranged from approximately 0.7 deaths per 100,000 people in 2001-2010 to about 1.5 deaths per 100,000 people in Seoul in 2036-2040. Conclusions: This study suggests that adaptation strategies and communication regarding future health risks stemming from climate change are necessary for the public and for the political leadership of South Korea.