http://chineseinput.net/에서 pinyin(병음)방식으로 중국어를 변환할 수 있습니다.
변환된 중국어를 복사하여 사용하시면 됩니다.
- 中文 을 입력하시려면 zhongwen을 입력하시고 space를누르시면됩니다.
- 北京 을 입력하시려면 beijing을 입력하시고 space를 누르시면 됩니다.
RISS 인기검색어
- 검색키워드
- 저자 : 최자영(Che, Ja-Young) (검색결과 44 건)
- 무료
- 기관 내 무료
- 유료
-
-
전쟁의 원인과 국제관계에 대한 투키디데스의 분석 -긍정적 인간성과 평화의 지향에서 보이는 현대적 의미-
최자영 ( Ja Young Che ) 대구사학회 2010 대구사학 Vol.101 No.-
Thucydides, a historian of the Ancient Greece, considered the real cause of the Peloponnesian War, which was formally kept out of sight, to be the growth of the power of Athens, and the alarm which the Lacedaemonians felt against Athens. In the same context, the realism of power domination is described, as it is well known, in the Athenian debates against the revolting Mytilenians and in the argument of the Athenian ambassador in Melos. Some scholars supposed that Thucydides supported the concept of power domination, but others denied this kind of simplification and tried to find various concepts in Thucydides, for example, morality, humanity, and the influence of chance (tyche) which could not be calculated in advance. This essay is to suggest that the purpose of Thucydides in writing history was not only defined to describe human natures, but could be extended to find a method to solve the troubles of war and power domination. In the beginning of his History, he wrote that he came to write the Peloponnesian War, as it lasted longer than any other previous one, and its scale of preparation was the largest among them. Then, the human nature could never be erased, but, it seems to me, Thucydides tried to give a lesson that in the state of peace the negative human nature based on violence got reduced and the positive one of moral humanity promoted. The war which used to break out upon excessive human desire for power, however, makes the negative human nature enhanced. It could be said that the lesson Thucydides tried to give a message helps to overcome the realism of power and imperialistic aggression. It is a warning, in my opinion, against pursuing excessive human desire, undue concentration of power and long lasting war. The war could be tolerated in case of inevitable defence against attack, but it should not be extended to the rule of power looking after excessive human desire and private profit. It is not easy, however, to define actually the boundary between the defensive and offensive war, and it needs really a wise, moderate discretion. One criterion for a wise judgment might be whether whoever inside as well as out of a country enjoys freedom and equality, not being repressed by the violence of power. The actual democracy does not just refer to the formal rights of voting, but to a really free state of any kind of violence. Internal governing system has directly something to do with international relations as well. Thucydides` warning against the deployment of negative human nature on the war of great scale or the violence of power may be also applied to today`s assignment for the decentralization of power against central authority, as well as disarmament. In relation to this, we had better refer to the suggestion of Platon, who warned against a large scale of community, that a desirable state be consisted of 5040 citizen members. And in the first half or the 20th century, J.A. 1-lobson brought forward a thesis that the democratic government goes for international harmony, and the dictatorship for international agony.
-
최자영 ( Ja Young Che ) 대구사학회 2009 대구사학 Vol.94 No.-
In the ancient Greek polis, the function of state was not so complicated as that of the modern state, the administrative and judicial power distributed to various categories of social group such as villages, families, clans and tribes. In ancient society generally, the division of criminal and civil laws, as well as that of public crime and private wrong (tort), was not so definite, and the sovereignty defining and realizing laws was not standardized but multiple. The centrifugal propensity and multifarious phases of ancient society caused the customary or unwritten laws to have a greater gravity than the written or statute laws. To say that Dracon`s Law was the first written law in the ancient Greek society does not mean that the society was based on the written laws themselves. Solon`s Law, which was said to have discarded all the articles of Dracon`s Law except the clause relating to involuntary murder, was looked upon as an ancestral, and all the laws, being established in later periods for about 250 years, were assumed to be his. Sonlon`s Law referred not only to any specific items, but to some principles of legitimacy which made a room for public opinion and the customary or unwritten laws to operate. Here, we could say that, the real gist is not whether the law is customary, unwritten or written law, but who has the sovereignty to define and materialize laws in reality. Not to speak of a public or a private, prosecution was set up by private initiation, and the sentence as well as execution of laws was is in most part carried out by the public. The judicial institution, in which the public took the initiative, shows up that the structure of polis was not bureaucratic and that the judicial power was not an exclusive possession of some kind of limited politicians.
-
論文(논문) : 7~10세기 무슬림 사라센 인의 크레타 섬 및 모레아 진출 -크레타 토착민, 사라센 인, 비잔티움 제국 간 공생과 갈등을 중심으로-
최자영 ( Ja Young Che ) 대구사학회 2013 대구사학 Vol.113 No.-
From the 7th Century the Muslim Saracens invaded Byzantine territory in the Aegean Sea. They settled in Crete after 823, whereupon Abu Hsan of Cordova in Andalusia attacked Crete as he had been in dispute with the Caliph of the Omeiad Dynasty of Spain. Then, Crete came to be under the Saracen`s dominance for a century and a half until Nicephoros Phocas re-conquered Crete to encompass it in the Byzantine territory. In the 8th-10th centuries, the Saracens who had made a base in Crete spread farther around the Aegean Sea. Some of the authors of the Byzantine chronicles as well as modern scholars used to define the activities of the Saracens in the Aegean Sea as piracy, and justify the military campaign of the Byzantine Empire against them as legal activities to exterminate piracy. It is difficult, however, to conclude the Saracen`s advance into the Aegean Sea simply as piracy, and moreover as a cause for the antagonism among different religions or ethnicities. On the contrary, the Cretan aborigines tended to cooperate with the Saracens who came to attack or settle in Crete. Even if they preferred autonomy as much as possible, the Cretans used to demonstrate two opposing propensities. One was to adhere to the authority of the Byzantine Empire, which was shown among the upper class priests: the Orthodox Church was a means to connect the upper class Cretans to the aristocrats of Constantinople. The other was to resist the Byzantine Empire by helping the Saracens, which appeared among the common people. The existence of these two opposing propensities among the Cretans proves that the antagonism between the Saracens and the Byzantine Empire did not refer just to the competition for political and military hegemony, but also to the differences of the political, economic and social structures of which they were oriented to. The Byzantine Empire was sustained by bureaucratic administration, imposition of more or less heavy taxes against farmers or merchants, and the pursuit of political and military hegemony, while the Cretan people or Saracens were inclined to enjoy relatively more liberal livelihoods as farmers or merchants in juxtaposition to the authority of the Byzantine Empire.
-
-
콘스탄티노플의 라틴제국 지배 시기 동방 정교회와 카톨릭 교회 간 관계에 대한 일고
최자영(Che, Ja-young) 역사학회 2012 역사학보 Vol.0 No.216
The Fourth Crusade(1202~1204), propelled by the cooperation of Frankcrusaders and Venetian forces, resulted in the fall of Constantinople, the capital of the Byzantine Empire. The Latin Empire lasted from 1204 to 1261, when the Empire of Nicaea recovered Constantinople thereby reestablishing the Byzantine Empire. Political and social conflict under the rule of the Latin Empire resulted, regardless of modern nationalism, between classical hellenism - traditional civic values of autonomy and liberty on the one hand, and the oppression of military forces and hierarchic, uniformed system of religion on the other. That is, traditional autonomy was relatively more respected under the government of the Byzantine Empire than under the dominance of the Franks and Latins. Under the rule of the Franks and Latins, the majority of the lower priests and a lesser number of the higher ranks consisted of Byzantines of the Eastern Orthodox Church. With the influx of Frankish princes and the priests came feudal prerogatives of tax collection their collection by absentee landlords. Additionally, the Frank-Latin princes in the Balkans invited friars from Europe, more or less independent of the hierarchic Western Catholic Church, and granted them feudal lands.
-
-
-
최자영 ( Ja Young Che ) 한국서양사학회 2014 西洋史論 Vol.0 No.123
Hybris (arrogance) and the states potentially caused by hybris, phthonos (zealousy or envy), and ate (disaster) or nemesis (punishment), in Herodotus frequently are attributed to Xerxes. And hybris does not refer to the monarchic domination itself, but the ambition for an excessive scale of territory. A king`s conquest used to result in a temporary increase of military power, and the power of Persia was almost irresistible, many times greater than the target of its conquest. Once the conquest was completed and the king`s sovereignty recognized, however, his rule pretended to follow conventional usage. And the ruled under the king were regarded as ‘king`s slaves,’ who were dominated not necessarily under the oppression and control of standing army. Thucydides hybris, however, refers to the Athenians as a community. And the target of Athenian`s conquest was not slaves, and the military might of the Athenian rivals was a close match for the Athenians. So the Athenian militaristic hegemony could be sustained only by superiority of military power, irrelevant to any traditional custom. In this kind of balance of power, human errors or insolence could bring about fatal disasters much more in war time than in peace, as human mistakes bear more risk in the situation of war. And, different from the Persian king`s ambition for a larger territory, the principle, ‘rule of power’ as a natural law, applicable even to a small area such as Melos, irrelevant of territorial extent. The punishment in Herodotos was inflicted by deity against the hybris committed by individuals, but in Thucydides by Tyche (Fortune) which alters situations unexpectedly and causes disaster to a community, irrelevant of whether one commits hybris or not.
-
KCI연관 검색어 추천
이 검색어로 많이 본 자료
활용도 높은 자료
