Macrolide계 항균제 내성 출현과 소아에서의 임상적 적용

최은화 대한소아청소년과학회 2008 Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics (CEP) Vol.51 No.10

Macrolide antimicrobial agents including erythromycin, roxithromycin, clarithromycin, and azithromycin are commonly used in the treatment of respiratory tract infections in children. Newer macrolides that have structural modifications of older drug erythromycin show improved change in the spectrum of activity, dosing, and administration. However, recent studies reported that increasing use of macrolide antibiotics is the main force driving the development of macrolide resistance in streptococci. In particular, azithromycin use is more likely to select for macrolide resistance with Streptococcus pneumoniae than is clarithromycin use, a possible reflection of its much longer half life. Recently, erythromycin resistance rates of S. pneumoniae and Streptococcus pyogenes are rapidly increasing in Korea. Two main mechanisms of acquired macrolide resistance have been described, altered binding site on the bacterial ribosome encoded by the ermB gene and active macrolide efflux pump encoded by the mef gene. Relationship between the susceptibility of S. pneumoniae and the response to macrolides has been shown in studies of acute otitis media, but less clear in cases of pneumonia. This article reviews the spectrum of activity, pharmacokinetic properties, mechanisms of action and resistance, and clinical implication of resistance on the treatment of respiratory tract infections in children.

대한소화기학회 : 포스터 전시 ; 상부위장관 : 복수 동반한 호산구성 장염에 대한 증례 1예

최은화,송현주,정혜경,심기남,정성애,김도영,유권,문일환 대한소화기학회 2004 대한소화기학회 추계학술대회 Vol.2004 No.-

저예산 영화의 현황과 시장 안정화를 위한 연구 : 2000년대 중후반 저예산 영화 사례를 중심으로

최은화,어지연,오미선 영화진흥위원회 2010 KOFIC 연구 Vol.- No.-

E . coli 에서 사람 프리트롬빈 2 cDNA 의 크로닝과 발현

최은화,김용주,김종명,홍효정,한문희,김지영 ( Eun Hwa Choi,Yong Joo Kim,Jong Myoung Kim,Hyo Jeong Hong,Moon Hi Han,Ji Young Kim ) 생화학분자생물학회 1989 BMB Reports Vol.22 No.2

A 0.6 kbp of 3`-portion of human prothrombin cDNA was isolated from a liver cDNA library of λgt 10 by in situ plaque hybridization. A cDNA fragment corresponding to the N-terminal region of prethrombin 2 was obtained from another cDNA library synthesized by reverse transcription of human liver mRNA using a specific oligonucleotide as a primer. The 48 bp cDNA sequences starting from the first nucleotide to the AvaI site of human prethrombin 2 cDNA was chemically synthesized such that prethrombin 2 can be expressed directly in E. coli expression vector system. The open reading frame(ORF) for human prethrombin 2 was cloned in pUC18 by combining the synthetic fragment and the cDNA fragments. Expression plasmids were constructed in which the ORF for human prethrombin 2 was inserted into the site downstream from the thermoinducible leftward promoter (P_L) and the cII ribosome binding site of bacteriophage λ. Upon temperature induction, the plasmids expressed 34,000 dalton polypeptide, which was accumulated to an amount corresponding to 5-10% of the total bacterial proteins. The 34,000 dalton polypeptide was identified as human prethrombin 2 by SDS-gel electrophoresis and Western blot analysis.

Impact of Host Genetics on Susceptibility andOutcome of Viral Infections

최은화 대한소아청소년과학회 2004 Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics (CEP) Vol.47 No.8

The generation of a draft sequence of the human genome has lead to an opportunity to characterize human diversity, including the differences in host response to numerous pathogens. Host responses upon exposure to a pathogen can determine the wide spectrum of illness from subclinical or mild to severe diseases. Host factors, particularly genetic backgrounds, influence the pathogenesis of infectious diseases. Both epidemiological and experimental studies have suggested that there is a genetic component that contributes to susceptibility and possibly outcomes of infectious diseases caused by multiple different pathogens. Studies in identifying the relationship between infections and polymorphisms have focused on human leukocyte antigen, cytokines, other immune response, or pathogen receptor genes. Genetic studies in infectious diseases have been challenging because of the complex interaction between the human host and pathogens, which also have their own genome. However, the new tools of bioinformatics and high throughput genotyping platforms had offered the better prospects for dissecting the genetics of both susceptibility and outcome. This review summarized recent knowledge in understanding the role of host genetics on three major viral infections; human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B virus, and respiratory syncytial virus. Rapid advances in the identification of susceptibility (or resistance) genes will provide new insights into therapeutic strategies including pharmacological intervention and vaccine development.

Development and Characterization, and Application of Ten Polymorphic Microsatellite Markers in the Crested Ibis Nipponia nippon from South Korea

최은화,김경민,백수연,Sung Jin Kim,황지혜,전주민,장금희,류시현,황의욱 한국동물분류학회 2020 Animal Systematics, Evolution and Diversity Vol.36 No.2

The Asian crested ibis Nipponia nippon is one of the world’s most endangered species. Except for the Sanxii population from China, it is known that all of the crested ibis populations from East Asia have been extinguished. In these days, most of them are being inbred as captive populations in China, South Korea, and Japan, which caused their low expected genetic diversity. Microsatellite markers are well known as a suitable DNA marker for exploring genetic diversity among captive populations of a variety of endangered species. In the present study, ten microsatellite markers were developed for the captive populations of the South Korean crested ibis, which were employed to examine the level of genetic diversity with the two founders from Sanxii, China and the 70 descendants of them. As a result, the mean number of gene diversity, observed heterozygosity, and expected heterozygosity of the captive population were 0.70, 0.84, and 0.70 respectively. It revealed that the captive population of South Korea is as genetically more stable than we expected. In addition, the principal coordinates analysis and genetic structure analyses showed that the captive population of N. nippon can be divided into the two different genetic groups. The developed microsatellite markers here could be helpful for crested ibis conservation in East Asian countries such as China and Japan as well as South Korea.

Cytokine Production in Canine PBMC after Bartonella Henselae Infection

최은화,구혜정,박용호,윤화영,이종화 한국임상수의학회 2010 한국임상수의학회지 Vol.27 No.4

Bartonella henselae is the causative agent of cat scratch disease. Although cats are the main zoonotic reservoirs of Bartonella spp., unusual cases of cat scratch disease caused by a domestic dog scratch have been recently reported. For the in vivo B. henselae infection, eight dogs were inoculated intradermally with 2 × 108CFU of B. henselae Houston-1 suspended in 1 ml of phosphate buffered saline on day 0 and subsequent injections of the same amount given intradermally on days 21, 28, 36, 58 and 64. After in vivo canine B. henselae infection was confirmed by nested PCR, the IFN-γ levels of the culture supernatant of PBMC stimulated with B. henselae was significantly higher in the B. henselae-PCR positive group than the B. henselae-PCR negative group. Our results showed that the canine immune responses against B. henselae were different from those of cats. Th1 activation by B. henselae stimulation was characterized in dog peripheral blood mononuclear cells, whereas Th2 activation was reported in B. henselaeinfected cats.

변신하는 교실 : 놀이권 존중 실천사례

최은화 열린부모교육학회 2019 열린부모교육학회 정기학술대회 Vol.23 No.-

First Record of Maritime Pseudoscorpion Garypus japonicus (Garypidae) from Korea

최은화,황의욱 한국동물분류학회 2009 Animal Systematics, Evolution and Diversity Vol.25 No.3

A maritime pseudoscorpion Garypus japonicus Beier, 1952 collected from Dokdo Island in the East Sea of Korea is reported and illustrated, which is the first record in Korea. The family Garypidae is also newly recorded in Korea. G. japonicus has been known only from Japan by Beier (1952) so far. Through the present study, its distributional range is extended to Korea.

Recommendation for use of the newly introduced pneumococcal protein conjugate vaccines in Korea

최은화,김경효,김예진,김종현,박수은,이환종,은병욱,조대선,최경민,홍영진 대한소아청소년과학회 2011 Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics (CEP) Vol.54 No.4

Streptococcus pneumoniae remains a leading cause of invasive infections including bacteremia and meningitis, as well as mucosal infections such as otitis media and pneumonia among children and adults. The 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7)was licensed for use among infants and young children in many countries including Korea. The routine use of PCV7 has resulted in a decreased incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) by the vaccine serotypes among the vaccinees and substantial declines in IPD among unvaccinated populations such as older children and adults as well. In addition, there are increasing evidences to suggest that routine immunization with PCV7 is changing the epidemiology of pneumococcal diseases such as serotype distribution of IPD,nasopharyngeal colonization, and antibiotic resistance patterns. In contrast, there is an increase in the number of IPDs caused by nonvaccine serotypes, though it is much smaller than overall declines of vaccine serotype diseases. Several vaccines containing additional serotypes have been developed and tested clinically in order to expand the range of serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Recently two new pneumococcal protein conjugate vaccines,10-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV10) and 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13), have been approved for use in several countries including Korea. This report summarizes the recommendations approved by the Committee on Infectious Diseases,the Korean Pediatric Society.