해인사대장경판(海印寺大藏經板)의 역사·문화적 공유의식

崔永好 ( Choy Young-ho ) 동아대학교 석당학술원 2020 석당논총 Vol.0 No.76

This paper attempt to analyze into the historical & cultural sharing―consciousness of the Haein-Temple’s Tripitaka-Woodblock that UNESCO has listed as Memory of the World in 2007. The Haein-Temple’s Tripitaka-Woodblock had been carved as a national project in the mid―13th century. at this time, the Goryeo(高麗)-Dynasty was undergoing a brutal invasion of Mongolia. In the process, the whole of Goryeo-people were feeling life threat, were suffering enormous material damage. In addition, Goryeo-society was experiencing destruction of the Buddhist heritage. Goryeo-Dynasty has been experiencing the greatest national crisis and realistic contradictions since its founding. in this realistic environment, the Goryeo-people responded by force to the Mongol invasion. on one hand, they relied on Buddhist beliefs. Goryeo-people carried out Buddhist events and sculptures with Buddhist beliefs. and they wished the stability of the state and the royal family, earnestly prayed for an end of the war(repulsion of Mongolian Invasion) and the well-being of their families. in particular, this origin is inscribed in the Buddhist sculptures that had created in the mid―13th century. therefore, this origin was a shared consciousness of the Goryeo-people in the mid-13th century. A creation project of the Haein-Temple’s Tripitaka-Woodblock was also included in such shared consciousness. therefore, the Goryeo-people of the mid-13th century actively & voluntarily participated in the creation project of the Haein-Temple’s Tripitaka-Woodblock. they participated actively and voluntarily with all their heart. the participated people of this creation project included from the king to the common people, were also included all Buddhist sects of the time. the Haein-Temple’s Tripitaka-Woodblock is almost completely preserved to date even after the construction work. this was because the shared consciousness of the time had historical and cultural vitality even after the creation project. in particular, the historical & cultural values of the Haein-Temple’s Tripitaka-Woodblock was nationally & continuously shared the Joseon(朝鮮)-Dynasty that the Buddhist faith was suppressed. The Haein-Temple’s Tripitaka-Woodblock was recognized as a national treasure in both Japanese colonial rule and modern society. this documentary heritage was also recognized as a national treasure in Japanese society. this documentary heritage has listed as UNESCO Memory of the World in 2007, is now established a universal heritage of world humanity.

강화경판(江華京板) 『고려대장경(高麗大藏經)』의 조성사업에 대한 근대 100년의 연구사 쟁점

최영호 ( Young Ho Choy ) 동아대학교 석당학술원 2009 석당논총 Vol.0 No.44

This case study aimed at analysis of a study-history about a making-business of the Ganghwa Woodblock(江華經板)-Koryo Tripitaka(高麗大臧經) that was in research during 100 years of modern. In particular, the issue was focused about the principal of making-business. The period is from 1910-era until 2009. From the Japanese-imperialism, the most researchers have argued a opinion that the Choi`s(崔氏) soldier-regime(武人政權) was a role as a principal of making-business. Up to now, some of the researchers follow to the opinion. Such a opinion cause a researchers to issue. A researchers was unable to can explain the objective history and Buddhist-civilization that was implied in the making-business of the Ganghwa Woodblock-Koryo Tripitaka. Moreover, the enlargement of a new research-areas and research-perspective was constrained. Therefore, this case study has attempted a new analysis about this opinion. A new analysis follows. The Daejangdogam(大藏都監) there was responsible for the making-business. The Koryo-Dynasty`s emperor (高麗國王) and the administrative organization of the Koryo-Dynasty were responsible for a organizational system of this Daejangdogam and the administrative personnel of a making- business. In particular, a role of the Choi`s soldier-regime was overestimated, or was different with a historical facts. The role was performed the administrative organization of the making-business. Therefore, the principal of making-business is important to understand the administrative organization of the Koryo-Dynasty.

고려전기 광양금씨(光陽金氏) 김양감(金良鑑)가문의 성장과 그 성격

최영호 ( Young Ho Choy ) 동아대학교 석당학술원 2008 석당논총 Vol.0 No.42

Kim-YangGam(金良鑑)`s family of the GwangYang(光陽)-Kim-family name(金氏) moved into Gwangyang(光陽)-community from the Gyeongju(慶州), to escape a contest for the right to the throne at the end of the Shilla-Dynasty(新羅). after that time, their family grew into a native power, gone into the central officialdom at the latter half year of the 10th century. finally, they grew into a noble-lineage(門閥) at the first half year of the 12th century. their family`s authority was greatly weakened at the political change of a soldier(武人政變). but, nominal authority continued till the 14th century. their family had a hold on agricultural and marine products which produced in a Gwangyang(光陽)-community at the late Shilla-Dynasty and early Goryeo-Dynasty, played a leading role for a Chinese and Japanese maritime-trade, closely connected with the Okryong-Temple(玉龍寺) of Donglisamun(桐裏山派). as a result, they grew into a native power, introduced new advanced civilization from the China. after this, they were endowed with an individuality of this sort. that possessed Confucian(儒敎的)-knowledge, passing-Kwago(科擧), advance of the central officialdom, intimacy with a royal family, this essential element formed a political and social the foundation that could grow into a noble-lineage. and marriage to a representative noble-lineage of those days formed a political and social the foundation.

해인사에 소장된 『당현시범(唐賢詩範)』의 역사,문화적 성격

최영호 ( Young Ho Choy ) 동아대학교 석당학술원 2014 석당논총 Vol.0 No.60

This paper attempts to analyze into the historical & cultural value of the Danghyenshiberm(唐賢詩範)-woodblock that is stored in the Haein-Temple(海印寺). in the process, the variety of original information has been restored. in particular, this paper has been newly confirmed the existent fact of the Gaeryeong- BunsaDaejangdogam(開寧分司大藏都監) there was established in Gaeryeong about the Middle of the 13th Century. Gaeryeong- BunsaDaejangdogam was the sculpturing-work of the Ganghwa- Capital-Woodblock(江華經板) Koryo-Dynasty``s Tripitaka(高麗大臧 經) in the Haein-Temple. First, this paper has been generally arranged the surface configuration form & bibliographic information of the Danghyenshiberm-woodblock, the imprint(刊記) & the engravers(刻 手). we are noted the fact that the woodblock was composed 6 pannel of 1 table(1板6面). in particular, we are noted the fact that the imprint was inscribed ‘the Danghyenshiberm-woodblock have been carved in the Koryo-Dynasty``s Gaeryeong- BunsaDaejangdogam(高麗國開寧分司大藏都監開板)’, the fact that the engravers have been sculpted ‘Joungjang(正藏).Sonjak(孫綽). Hyegyeon(惠堅)’. Next, this paper has analyzed into the historical & cultural nature of the Danghyenshiberm-woodblock itself. this woodblock have been carved in the Gaeryeong-BunsaDaejangdogam, the carved time was about 1246 year. it was also reflected in the empirical scientific-nature & visual artistry. and it was reflected in the creative woodblock-technology & publishing-print capability of the Koryo-Dynasty, the independent foreignness-perception. Finally, this paper has analyzed into the historical & cultural value that can be applied to the original information of the Danghyenshiberm-woodblock. this original information can be used as a new status data that can be analyzed into the bibliographic fields of the Korea, the surface configuration form of the East Asian woodblock, and the operating conditions of the Gaeryeong- BunsaDaejangdogam.

13세기 중엽 고려국대장도감(高麗國大藏都監)의 조직체계와 운영형태

최영호 ( Young Ho Choy ) 동아대학교 석당학술원 2009 석당논총 Vol.0 No.43

This case study aimed at analysis of the organizational system and a operating mode of the Koryo-Dynasty`s Daejangdogam(高麗國大藏都監) there was responsible for the sculpturing-work of the Ganghwa Woodblock(江華經板)-Koryo Tripitaka(高麗大臧經) about the middle of the 13th century. The king`s authority is in the best position at the organizational system of the Daejangdogam(大藏都監). The system of government office was configured such as the Byeolgam(別監)-Sa(使)―secondary`s Sa(副使)―Noksa(錄事)-Pangwan(判官). And the professionals of the field was placed in a corrector and copyist of the buddhist scriptures, a sculpture expert of wooden platter. The king was the principal role in a establishment and operating of the Daejangdogam, moreover was appointed the Byeolgam and under the patronage of that. A government office of the Byeolgam was the role as the chief executive in a operating of the Daejangdogam, was appointed by the Jaesin(宰臣) that is placed in prime minister of the day. A government office of the Sa was responsible for working, was appointed by the central bureaucracy of the three items above, and a senior monks or a senior monk officials of the Seungroksa(僧錄司) among the buddhist authorities. A government office of the secondary`s Sa was assistant Sa, was appointed by 4·5 pumui central bureaucrats and a medium monks of the Seungroksa. The Noksa(錄事) and Pangwan had performed in the field working, were placed a sub-officials of relevant authorities and a sub-monk officials. In this way, a operating system of the Daejangdogam was operating by a Buddhist-monk and a officialdom. Both parties were maintained the role of cooperation in sharing. The result, the Daejangdogam could organize support from the central government and Buddhist organization, could promote efficiency of the sculpturing-work.

1214년에 조성된 해인사 소장 『金剛般若波羅蜜經』의 역사,문화적 성격

최영호 ( Young Ho Choy ) 동아대학교 석당학술원 2015 석당논총 Vol.0 No.61

This paper attempts to analyze into the historical & cultural character of the Vajracchedika-prajnaparamita-Sutra-woodblock that is stored in the Haein-Temple(海印寺). Its Sutrawas translated into Chinese(漢文) by the Kumarajiva(鳩摩羅什). Its woodblock was constructed at the Gunsyaeng-Temple(群生寺), that time was in first year(1214) of Goryo-Dynasty``s Emperor-Gojong(高宗). First, this paper organized the various analytical indicators that contained in its woodblock. As a result, we was confirmed a fact that its woodblock had been reflected in a visual artistry & convenience of printing & scientific technology of conservation. Next, this paper newly analyzed into the historical & cultural character of its woodblock. First, its woodblock is composed of a unique system and is the oldest example of the existent Vajracchedika-prajnaparamita-Sutra-woodblock. Second, the structure of its woodblock creatively reconstructed the Vajracchedikaprajnaparamita- Sutra that had been created until the early 13th century. Third, its woodblock is a prime example of the memory & recitative-version that was created to ensure a strangeness &magnificence of the Vajracchedika-prajnaparamita-Sutra. Finally, its woodblock contain the various original information that can restored the history & culture of the early 13th century.

나말여초 김해지역의 대중국(對中國) 해상교섭

최영호 ( Young Ho Choy ) 동아대학교 석당학술원 2011 석당논총 Vol.0 No.50

This case study aimed at analysis of the maritime contacts between the Gimhae-region and Chinese-Dynasties during the Silla-Dynasty-last period & Goryo-Dynasty-early period. the contents are pattern & base & leading figures & progressing form & changing process of a maritime contacts. The Gimhae-region is located in the Lower-Nakdong-River(洛東江下流) there can connect a seaway of the East-Sea(東海) & South-Sea(南海). these geographical environment was possible to evolve a maritime contacts between the Gimhae-region and After-Dang-Dynasty(後唐) during the Silla-Dynasty-last period & Goryo-Dynasty-early period. At this time, the leading figures of a maritime contacts were Gim-Ingwang(金仁匡) & the brothers of So-Chungja(蘇忠子)·So- Yulhui(蘇律熙). a maritime-progressing form of the Gimhae-region has on their own deployment, and has be linked with the Silla`s government & Wang-Bonggyu(王逢規) of the Gangju(康州)-region. Since then, a maritime negotiations of the Gimhae-region has been weakened during the war`s time of After-Three-Kingdoms(後三國). in particular, its position has been almost lost after the First-Emperor(太祖) Wang-Geon(王建) of Goryo-Dynasty(高麗) then the capital has been transferred into the Gaegyeong(開京) -region at the Gyeongju(慶州)-region.

해인사에 소장된 정안(鄭晏)조성경판의 역사,문화적 성격

최영호 ( Young-ho Choy ) 동아대학교 석당학술원 2016 석당논총 Vol.0 No.65

This paper attempt to analyze into the historical & cultural character of the Haein-Temple’s Buddhism - Sutra - woodblock that Jeong-An was created in the mid-13th century. in the process, the existed studies have been critically reviewed, and the original information has been newly organized. First, this paper has confirmed the Buddhism - Sutra - woodblock that Jeong-An was created in the mid-13th century. the Buddhism -Sutra-woodblock has been confirmed six kinds : Saddharma-pundari-ka-Sutra(妙法蓮華經), Commentary on the Vajrasamadhi-Sutra(金剛三昧經論), Bodhisattva Samantabhadra``s Vows of the Avatamsaka-Sutra(大方廣佛華嚴經入不思議解脫境界普賢 行願品), Vajracchedika-prajnaparamita-Sutra(金剛般若波羅蜜經), Bulseol-Yesusiwangsaengchil-Sutra(佛說預修十王生七經), Sukhavati -Vyuha-Sutra(佛說阿彌陀經). these woodblocks were created in the 1236 & 1244∼1245 year when he was in the Hadong(河東) & the Namhae(南海). among these woodblocks, the Sukhavati-Vyuha-Sutra has been not identified, the rest kinds are existing. Next, this paper has been generally arranged the surface configuration form & bibliographic information the imprint(刊記) & the engravers(刻手) & the title of the Sutra-woodblocks that have been existing. among the information, the Sutra-woodblock is noted the case that the title has been consisted of the Gaebeopjang- Mantra-mark(開法藏眞言符號) & the Sutra-name. and the title of the Samgyeonghapbu(三經合部) is noted the case. its the original information can be used as the documentary heritage that can restored the history & culture of the mid-13th century. Finally, this paper has been newly analyzed into the historical & cultural character of its Sutra-woodblocks. first, its woodblock is composed of Jeong - An``s reality-consciousness that he has tried to overcome the national crisis & the real contradiction. second, its woodblock is composed of creative attempt of Jeong - An. the attempt has new created the Samgyeonghapbu that the Buddhism- Sutra of three kinds have been tied as one book. the three kinds included the Bodhisattva Samantabhadra``s Vows of the Avatamsaka-Sutra, the Vajracchedika-prajnaparamita-Sutra, the Sukhavati-Vyuha-Sutra. finally, its woodblock is composed of case that Jeong-An has reinforced the sanctity & the solemnity of the Buddhism-Sutra in the marking of the Gaebeopjang-Mantra-mark.

석당(石堂) 정재환(鄭在煥)선생의 문화유산·기록유산에 대한 계승 노력과 인식

최영호 ( Choy Young-ho ) 동아대학교 석당학술원 2017 석당논총 Vol.0 No.69

This paper attempts to newly analyze into the Succession―efforts and perception of Dr. Jeong Jae―Hwan's cultural heritage & recorded heritage. he has served as the first president of Dong-A(東亞) University from the 1950s to the 1970s, has called himself―name to the SeokDang(石堂). The SeokDang has been defined as a law professional & educator in the encyclopedias. However, he has already been evaluated as a lover of cultural heritage & recorded heritage by professional experts who has acted in the local community since the 1970s. because of, he had made the various efforts to preserve the cultural heritage & recorded heritage of the Korean nation that had been built from prehistoric times to modern times. he had continuously collected this heritage from the 1950s to the 1970s, had systematically preserved this heritage. in addition, he had creatively developed this heritage. his collections are currently included in the national treasures & treasures of Korea. The SeokDang has established the Department of History & Department of Korean Literature that can systematically learn about this heritage, has also established the GoJeon(古典) Research―Institute & the Korean culture Research―Institute that can research in depth. the two Research―Institute are the forerunner of the Seokdang―Academy. he has established the Museum(Seokdang Museum) & Library(Hamjinjae : 函珍齋) of Dong-A University that can systematically preserve this heritage, has invited a prominent expert to our university. as a result, the cultural & recorded heritage of Dong-A University's Library & Museum had become the prime scale in the 1960s. especially, he has supported the translation & annotation project of the Koryo-Dynasty's History (『高麗史』) that the nation should carry out. This effort of the SeokDang has grown from considerable insight & interest & perception about the Korean History & Culture. his cultural perception was in the creative succession and development of Korean History & Culture. because of this, he has already been evaluated as a lover of cultural & recorded heritage by professional experts of posterity.

해인사(海印寺)에 소장된 강화경판(江華京板) 『고려대장경(高麗大藏經)』의 外藏 연구(1) -고려경판(高麗經板)의 조성시기 재검토

최영호 ( Young Ho Choy ) 동아대학교 석당학술원 2012 석당논총 Vol.0 No.53

This paper attempts to review the making time about the Koryo-Dynasty`s Woodblock of Ganghwa-Capital-Woodblock- Koryo-Dynasty Tripitaka`s Woijang that have been existed in the Haein-Temple. its target is a total of 68 kinds. Among its Koryo- Dynasty`s Woodblock, the making time of 12 kinds have been more specifically identified. in particular, we have been newly confirmed the fact that the Chapter on Pure Conduct of Avatamsaka Sutra (Flower Adornment Sutra)(大方廣佛華嚴經淨行品) & Forty- Fascicle Avatamsaka Sutra(大方廣佛華嚴經: 貞元本) & Sixty-Fascicle Avatamsaka Sutra(大方廣佛華嚴經: 晉本) & Eighty-Fascicle Adornment Sutra(大方廣佛華嚴經: 周本) had been constructed in the mid-13thcentury. In this analysis, we have made a key indicator to the bibliographic data, a living time of the maker & carver, the historical character of a preface that carved on the corresponding Woodblock`es. ln the case of Daejangilamiip(大藏一覽集), we have been confirmed the fact that its compiler was active in the mid-12th century. On the other hand, with the Buddhist scriptures of 68 kinds, the following three kinds can be added to the Woijang of the Koryo-Dynasty`s Woodblock. its scriptures will include the Avatamsaka Sutra-Naejangmundeungjapgongmokjang(華嚴經內章門等雜孔目章) & Bulseolbusanbulgasauigyeong(佛說浮山不可思議經) & Samgyeongseo(三經序).