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Monte-Carlo 모의실험을 이용한 초·중·고등학교의환기부족 평가
최영태(Youngtae Choe),박진현(Jinhyeon Park),김은채(Eunchae Kim),류현수(Hyoensu Ryu) 김동준(Dong Jun Kim),민기홍(Kihong Min),정다영(Dayoung Jung),우병렬(Byung Lyul Woo),조만수(Mansu Cho),양원호(Wonho Yang) 한국환경보건학회 2020 한국환경보건학회지 Vol.46 No.6
Objectives: Indoor air quality has become more important aspeople spend most of their times indoors. Since students spend most of their times at home or at school, they are more likely to be exposed to indoor air pollutants. Ventilation in school classrooms can affect health and learning performance. In this study, ventilation deficiency was evaluated in school classrooms using Monte Carlo simulation. Methods: This study used sensor-based monitoring for six months to measure carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations in classrooms in elementary, middle, and high schools. The volume of the classroom and the number of students were investigated, and the students’ body surface area was used to calculate the CO2 emission rate. The distribution of ventilation rates was estimated by measured CO2 concentration and a massbalance model using Monte Carlo simulation. Results: In the elementary, middle, and high schools, the average CO2 concentrations exceeded 1000 ppm, indicating that the ventilation rates were insufficient. The ventilation rates were deficient from July to August and in December, but showed relatively high ventilation rates in October. Forty-three percent of elementary schools, 56% of middle schools, and 62% of high schools showed insufficient ventilation rates. Conclusions: The ventilation rates calculated in elementary, middle and high schools were found to be quite insufficient. Therefore, proper management is needed to overcome the lack of ventilation and improve air quality.
최영태(Youngtae Choe),허정(Jung Heo),박진현(Jinhyeon Park),김은채(Eunchae Kim),류현수(Hyoensu Ryu),김동준(Dong Jun Kim),조만수(Mansu Cho),이채관(Chaekwan Lee),이종대(Jongdae Lee),양원호(Wonho Yang) 한국환경보건학회 2020 한국환경보건학회지 Vol.46 No.3
Objectives: Much attention has been paid to indoor air quality. Ventilation within schools is important because of indoor air quality and its effect on health and learning performance. In this study, we evaluated the carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations and ventilation rates in schools. Methods: This study measured the concentration of CO2 in elementary, middle, and high school classrooms over six months. The seasons during the study were summer, fall, and winter. Sensor-based monitoring was used and the basic characteristics of the classroom were investigated. The body surface area of the students was used to calculate the CO2 generation rate, and the air change per hour (ACH) was evaluated using mass balance modeling. Results: The average CO2 concentration measured in most schools exceeded 1000 ppm. The ventilation rates varied from season to season. Compared to the recommended ventilation rate of 4.9 ACH, the roughly 3 ACH calculated in this study indicates that most schools possessed insufficient ventilation. Conclusions: The concentration of CO2 in school classrooms could be an indicator of indoor air quality and can affect students learning ability. In this study, CO2 concentrations exceeding the standard indicate a lack of ventilation along with problems with indoor air quality. Therefore, appropriate improvements are needed to overcome these problems.
최영태 ( Youngtae Choe ),박진현 ( Jinhyeon Park ),김은채 ( Eunchae Kim ),김동준 ( Dongjun Kim ),민기홍 ( Kihong Min ),조만수 ( Mansu Cho ),양원호 ( Wonho Yang ) 대구가톨릭대학교 자연과학연구소 2020 자연과학연구논문집 Vol.18 No.1
As health problems caused by air pollutants and problems caused by air pollutants such as COVID-19 are caused, interest in air quality is growing. Modern people spend more than 80% of their day indoors, so most of them are exposed to air pollutants indoors. Also, contaminated air of indoor air may be generated indoors or introduced outdoors. If contaminated air is not properly ventilated or discharged indoors, contamination accumulates as it circulates inside, which can cause more problems than outdoor air pollution. In particular, indoor air quality is more important when spending a long time in a space such as a house, office, or school classroom. Unlike adults, children and adolescents have a higher respiratory rate per unit weight and a higher risk of exposure to pollutants heavier than air due to their relatively low height. Also, because students spend most of their day in the classroom, the quality of the school classroom air can have a greater impact on students’ health. The indoor air quality of school classrooms can change the PM10 concentration due to external influences. Therefore, the environment and characteristics of the school must be considered.
시간활동양상에 따른 주택의 시간대별 실내·실외 초미세먼지 농도비
박진현(Jinhyeon Park),김은채(Eunchae Kim),최영태(Youngtae Choe),류현수(Hyoensu Ryu),김순신(Sunshin Kim),우병렬(Byung Lyul Woo),조만수(Mansu Cho),양원호(Wonho Yang) 한국환경보건학회 2020 한국환경보건학회지 Vol.46 No.5
Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the indoor to outdoor ratio (I/O ratio) of time activity patterns affecting PM2.5 concentrations in homes in Korea through a simulation. Methods: The time activity patterns of homemakers were analyzed based on the ‘Time-Use Survey’ data of the National Statistical Office in 2014. From September 30 to October 2, 2019, the experimenter lived in multi�family housing located in Guro-gu, Seoul. The I/O ratio of PM2.5 concentration was measured by installing sensor-based instruments. Results: The average indoor and outdoor PM2.5 concentrations during the three days were 33.1±48.9 and 45.9±25.3 μg/m3 , respectively. The average I/O ratio was 0.75±0.60. The indoor concentration tended to increase when PM2.5 source activity such cooking and cleaning was present and outdoor PM2.5 was supplied through ventilation. Conclusions: This study could be used as basic data for estimating indoor PM2.5 concentrations with personal activity pattern and weather conditions using outdoor concentrations.
PHMG (polyhexamethylene guanidine) 흡입독성참고치 산출을 통한 가습기살균제 노출등급 분류 및 특성
김은채(Eunchae Kim),류현수(Hyeonsu Ryu),박진현(Jinhyeon Park),최영태(Youngtae Choe),허정(Jung Heo),이슬아(Seula Lee),조은경(Eun-Kyung Jo),최윤형(Yoon-Hyeong Choi),조만수(Mansu Cho),양원호(Wonho Yang) 한국환경보건학회 2020 한국환경보건학회지 Vol.46 No.3
Objectives: The Korean Ministry of Environment has identified cases of people suspected of suffering lung disease potentially caused by polyhexamethylene guanidine (PHMG) used in humidifier disinfectants (HDs). Exposure assessment for the HDs was conducted using a questionnaire during face-to-face interview. The main purposes of this study were to develop a methodology to effectively classify levels of exposure to HDs based on a questionnaire. Methods: We first identified the overall participants’ exposure characteristics by HD exposure levels; Second, we selected misclassified subjects and investigated characteristics of overestimated and underestimated subjects, focusing on exposure cases to PHMG-containing HDs. An inhalation reference concentration (RfC) for PHMG was produced on the basis of inhalation toxicity values. We made a cross-tabulation of the exposure classes (Exposure classes 1-to-4) by clinical classes based on the RfC. When the value of the exposure class minus the clinical class was 0 or 1, we assumed these were true values. When the value was ≥2 and ≤ −2, we assigned these cases to the overestimation group and underestimation group, respectively. Results: The overestimated group may have already recovered and responded excessively due to psychological anxiety or in order to receive compensation. On the other hand, relatively high mortality rates and surrogate responses for those under 10 years of age may have resulted in inaccurate exposure assessment for underestimated groups. For the characteristics of exposure, it was shown that for the underestimated group, the exposure was relatively weaker than the overestimated group, even though a high overall clinical rating was determined. Conclusions: This study may suggest ways to reduce bias and overcome the limitations of current HD exposure assessment.
Monte-Carlo 모의실험을 통한 부분 인구집단별 벤젠 및 PM 10 의노출 및 위해성 평가
박진현(Jinhyeon Park),양소영(So Young Yang):박윤경(Yunkyung Park),류현수(Hyeonsu Ryu),김은채(Eunchae Kim),최영태(Youngtae Choe),허 정(Jung Heo),조만수(Mansu Cho),양원호(Wonho Yang) 한국환경보건학회 2019 한국환경보건학회지 Vol.45 No.3
Objectives: The Korea Ministry of Environment regulates concentrations of hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) through Atmosphere Environmental Standards to protect public health from HAPs. However, simply determining the exceedance of HAP concentrations has several limitations and more comprehensive assessment is required. In addition, integrated risk assessment is needed considering exposure in all microenvironments, including outdoor as well as indoor environments. The purpose of this study was to assess the differences in risk by sub-population groups according to time-activity patterns and reported concentrations, as well as the lifetime risk for Koreans. Methods: In this study, we calculated time-weighted average exposure concentrations for benzene and PM 10 among preschool-age children, students, housewifes, workers, and the elderly using residential time and concentrations for indoor (house, school or workplace, other), outdoor, and transport by the meta-analysis method. The risk assessments were conducted by excess cancer risk and disease death risk using 1,000,000 Monte-Carlo simulations for probabilistic analysis. Results: Preschool-age children, students, housewifes, workers, and the elderly spent 91.9, 86.0, 79.8, 82.2, and 77.3% of their day in their house, workplace, or school, respectively. The more than 99% excess cancer risk for benzene exceed 1.0E-06 in all sub-populations and lifetime. The acute disease death risk for PM 10 for housewifes and workers for lifetime were 3.35E-04 and 3.18E-04, and chronic disease death risks were 2.84E-03 and 2.70E-03, respectively. Conclusions: The risk of benzene and PM 10 by sub-population group and for the lifetime of housewifes and workers were assessed. Benzene showed risky results for this study. All disease death risks of PM 10 were higher than 1.0E-04 and showed different risks by sub-population. This study can be used as a basis for lifetime exposure and risk assessment to benzene and PM 10 .