사료 공동구매로 생산비 절감한다

최명구,Choe, Myeong-Gu 대한양계협회 2006 월간 양계 Vol.38 No.4

본고는 지난 1977년 발족되어 30여년 동안 수원을 중심으로 채란업을 발전시켜온 수원산란계지부(지부장 최명구)를 찾아 활동 현황과 향후 지부 운영에 대해서 들어보았다.

Expression of wheat Peptide TRansporter 2.1 (TaPTR2.1) during early seed germination

최명구,김의중,전진,정석원,김경훈,김경민,박철수,강천식,박연일 한국식물생명공학회 2020 Plant biotechnology reports Vol.14 No.5

Peptide TRansporters (PTRs) translocate nitrogen (N)-containing substances across cellular membranes. In Arabidopsis thaliana, the seed-abundant, tonoplast-localized AtPTR2 protein is involved in the regulation of water status during seed germination and is negatively regulated by ABA INSENSITIVE4 (ABI4). A survey of publicly available whole-genome sequencing and RNA-seq data revealed that the genomes of hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) harbors three homologs of the AtPTR2 gene, TaPTR2.1, TaPTR2.2, and TaPTR2.3, and transcripts of TaPTR2.1 are detected both in dry and ger�minating seeds, similar to AtPTR2. However, the functional role of TaPTR2.1 during seed germination has not yet been characterized. In the present study, changes in TaPTR2.1 transcript levels were investigated in the wheat cultivar Keumgang in response to phytohormone, sugar, and osmoticum treatments. A transient increase in the transcript level of TaPTR2.1 dur�ing seed germination was signifcantly lowered by abscisic acid (ABA) and PEG4000 treatments. Further, overexpression of the TaPTR2.1 gene under the control of the Caulifower mosaic virus 35S promoter in the Arabidopsis ptr2 mutant rescued the delayed seed germination phenotype by restoring the seed water status. Together, these results suggest that TaPTR2.1 regulates the water status of wheat seeds during germination in an ABA-dependent manner.

일반가등기와 부동산물권변동과의 관계

최명구 민사법의 이론과 실무학회 2022 民事法理論과 實務 Vol.25 No.3

The provisional registration is largely divided into collateral registration and general provisional registration. It is mainly general provisional registration that is a problem with changes in real estate rights in provisional registered real estate. This is because the registration of collateral is regarded as the nature of the real right of collateral under the Act on Provisional Registration Security, etc. The characteristics of general provisional registration are largely divided before and after the main registration, and mainly in the relationship between general provisional registration and changes in real estate rights. There are no clear legislative provisions regarding the effect of preserving the claim of provisional registration. But in the interpretation of regulation, the provisional registration under Article 88 of the Real Estate Registration Act can be made when the establishment of rights, etc. prescribed in Article 3 of the Real Estate Registration Act is to be preserved. According to Article 883(2) of the German Civil Code, it is possible to claim relative invalidity for the transfer of ownership that has been provisionally registered. In other cases where there is a change in real rights, such as interim disposition after provisional registration, due to the effect of preserving the order of provisional registration, it can be seen that the effect is recognized by establishing cancellation regulations in the real estate registration rules. In the event of ownership transfer by double sale, the registration of ownership transfer after the main registration by provisional registration is revoked. On the other hand, as preserving the right to claim for the provisionally registered right, the right to claim has a bond character. However, the claim is not just a bond characteristic, but because it can claim relative invalidity and also has a counter power to interested parties, it can be seen as a bond with a real right character. 가등기는 크게 담보가등기와 일반가등기로 구분한다. 가등기된 부동산의 부동산물권변동에서 문제가 되는 것은 주로 일반가등기이다. 왜냐하면 담보가등기는 가등기 담보 등에 관한 법률에 의하여 담보물권의 성격으로 보기 때문이다. 일반가등기의 성격은 크게 본등기 전과 후로 구분하며, 일반가등기와 부동산물권변동과의 관계에서 주로 살펴볼 부분은 본등기 이전에서 청구권보전의 효력과 본등기 이후에서 순위보전의 효력이다. 가등기의 청구권보전의 효력에 관하여 명확한 입법규정은 없으나, 부동산등기법 제88조에 가등기는 부동산등기법 제3조에 규정한 권리의 설정 등등 보전하려할 때에 한다고 규정하고 있음으로 해석상 청구권보전의 효력을 인정할 수 있다. 그러나 독일민법 제883조제2항에 따르면, 가등기된 소유권이전에 대하여 상대적 무효를 주장할 수 있다. 그밖에 가등기의 순위보전의 효력에 의하여 가등기후 중간처분 등 물권변동이 있는 일정한 경우, 부동산등기규칙에 직권말소규정을 두고 있음으로서 해당 효력을 인정하고 있음을 알 수 있다. 예컨대, 가등기된 부동산의 이중매매에 의한 소유권이전이 발생한 경우, 가등기에 의한 본등기 후 해당 소유권이전등기는 직권말소하게 된다. 한편 가등기된 권리는 부동산등기법에 규정한 권리에 대한 청구권을 보전하는 것으로서 해당 청구권은 채권적 성격을 갖는다. 하지만 해당 청구권은 단순한 채권적 성격이 아닌, 이해관계인에 대한 대항력을 갖고, 더 나아가 상대적 무효를 주장할 수 있기 때문에 물권적 성격을 띤 채권이라고 볼 수 있다.

전자의사표시의 법적 효과문제

최명구 한국비교사법학회 1998 比較私法 Vol.5 No.1

절차법적 측면에서의 중간생략등기의 검토

최명구 한국토지법학회 2017 土地法學 Vol.33 No.1

According to article 186 of civil act, a real right by a juristic act over an immovable takes effect upon its registration. Some special acts(e.g. act on special measures for the registration on real estate) also should inhibit the transfer of real right without registration. Nevertheless, the registration of intermediate omission in which an acquisitor intermediate can’t acquire the ownership, exists on real state transaction in our society. The registration of intermediate omission has legal force if the agreement of concerned legal three-part on this registration exists or this registration conforms the entity relationship. The registration of intermediate omission divided in the preservative registration with omission in the middle, the registration of intermediate omission in heritance, the registration of intermediate omission in acquisitive prescription, the title registration under a third party’s name with omission in the middle and the registration of intermediate omission in cause of sale. On the preservative registration with omission in the middle, a transferee has the ownership in public on the substantive law. Therefore, this registration doesn’t have problems on the procedural law. On the registration of intermediate omission in heritance, a transferer is a inheritor on the substantial law, but a inheritee is a transferer on the procedural law. Therefore, a transferee has a right to request title transfer registration to a inheritor and has the right of provisional registration to preserve the right to request title transfer registration. On the registration of intermediate omission in acquisitive prescription, a transferee can’t exercise the right to request title transfer registration to owner on registration of real estate because a transferee dosen’t have the right to request title transfer registration to a seller(a owner on the acquisitive prescription) in base on the transfer of an obligation. On the title registration under a third party’s name with omission in the middle, a title truster as a buyer has a right to request title transfer registration to a seller on the sale and also has the right of provisional registration to preserve the right to request title transfer registration. Then on the registration of intermediate omission in cause of sale, the final transferee has the a right to request title transfer registration and a right of provisional registration to preserve above right only if a final transferee has a right to request title transfer registration to a first transferer. 민법 제186조에 따르면, 법률행위로 인한 부동산물권변동은 등기를 하여야 한다. 또한 등기 없는 부동산물권변동을 방지하기 위하여 부동산물권변동의 공시를 위하여 부동산등기 특별조치법 등 특별법을 시행하여 왔다. 그럼에도 불구하고 절차법상 부동산물권변동의 공시를 중간에 생략하는 “중간생략등기”가 행해지고 있다. 판례는 이러한 중간생략등기에 대하여 실체관계에 부합하거나, 3자의 합의가 있는 경우에 유효하다고 하고 있다. 이는 실체법적 측면에서 중간생략등기의 효력을 언급한 것이다. 그렇다면 절차법적 측면에서 중간생략등기의 당사자의 법률관계, 권리의 모습과 행사의 방법은 어떻게 되는 것인가를 검토해 볼 필요가 있다. 따라서 중간생략등기의 유형별 즉, 중간생략의 보존등기, 상속의 중간생략등기, 시효취득의 중간생략등기, 중간생략등기형 명의신탁 및 매매를 원인으로 하는 중간생략등기에 있어서, 당사자 사이의 법률관계, 권리의 모습과 행사방법은 각각 다르게 나타난다. 즉, 중간생략의 보존등기에서는 양도인의 소유권보존등기가 생략되고, 양수인이 실체법적 최초의 소유자로서 적법한 절차에 따라 소유권보존등기를 한다. 따라서 양수인의 중간생략의 보존등기는 실체법상 소유권을 공시한 것으로 절차법상 법적 문제가 발생하지 않는다. 상속의 중간생략등기에서는 양도인인 실체법상 상속인이 소유권자이지만, 절차법상 소유권자는 피상속인으로서 양수인은 상속인에게 소유권이전등기청구권을 갖고, 이를 보존하기 위한 가등기권도 행사할 수 있을 것이다. 시효취득의 중간생략등기에서는 양수인은 취득시효완성자인 매도인에 대하여 채권양도를 원인으로 하는 소유권이전등기청구권을 행사할 수 없기 때문에, 양수인은 등기부상 소유권자에 대하여 소유권이전등기청구권을 행사할 수 없을 것이다. 중간생략등기형 명의신탁에서는 명의신탁자는 매수인으로서 매도인에 대한 매매를 원인으로 하는 소유권이전등기청구권을 갖고, 이를 보존하기 위한 가등기권을 갖을 것이다. 끝으로 매매를 원인으로 하는 중간생략등기에서는 최종양수인이 최초양도인에 대하여 소유권이전등기청구권을 갖는 경우에 한하여, 소유권이전등기청구권을 갖고, 이를 보전하기 위한 가등기권을 행사할 수 있을 것이다.

金融附制賦賣買에 있어서의 抗辯權

崔明龜 釜慶大學校 1997 釜慶大學校 論文集 Vol.2 No.1

Der Einwendungsduchgriff bei finanzierten Abzahlungsgeschafen ist aus dem heutigen Wirtschaftsleben nicht mehr hinwegzudenken. Insbesondere beim Kauf kreditiert der Verkaufer selbst dem Kaufer den Kaufpreis, infolge der starken Ausweitung des Kreditbedarfs andere Formen der Finanzierung unter Einschaltung eines Dritten, i.d.R. einer Finanzierungsbank getreten. Nach der Vertragsgestaltung bei diesen Geschaften ist der Kaufer auch im Fallle der Unwirksamkeit des Kaufvertrages unabhangig von der Ruchgewahr des erlangeten Kaufpreises durch den Verkaufer zur Ruckzahlung des Darlehens an die Bank verpflichtet. Die Ubernahme eines Risikos, das dieses an dem Kaufer ist, wird dem kaufer haufig gar nicht bewuβt, denn anders als bei einem enmalen Abzahlungsgeschaft erscheinen ihm hier Kauf und Darlehen infolge der gegenseitiger Verknupfung wie bei einem zweiseitigen Abzahlungsgachaft als wirtschaftliche Einheit. Bei diesem Fall ist der Einwendungsdruchgriff aus dem Kaufvertrag gegenuber dem Zahlungsanspruch des Darlehensgebers insbesonders auch die Frage des Kaufers- bzw. Verbraucherschutzes, inwieweit die nachteiligen Folgen der rechtlichen Selbtstandigkeit der beiden Vertrage abzumildern sind. In Teil II befinden sich die Losungswege der Rechtsprechung und Literatur in BRD in Bezug auf die Einwendungsdurchgriff, beispielweise Trennungstheorie, Verletzung der Aufklarungspflicht, wirtschaftliche Einheit und Vertrauenhaftung. Auf dem AbzG wird in Teil II der Einwendungsdurchgriff erwahnt, der mit rechtlichen Charateren, Bestandteile, Sorten, Auswirksamkeit, beschrankten Allgemeinen Bedingungen usw, zu tun hat, In disem Teil hat etwas auch rechtsvergleich zu tun, wie in Teil II erwahnt wird. Im Schluβteil behandelt sich die synthetische Folge auch rechtsvergleich.

債權關係의 槪念과 限界

최명구 釜山工業大學校 1994 論文集 Vol.36 No.-

Der Begriff des Schuldverhalthnisses wird vom rechtlichen Theorie in doppeltem Sinne verwandt : Ⅰ. Schuldverhatnis im engeren Sinne Ⅱ. Schuldverhaltnis im weiteren Sinne. Schulverhaltnis im engeren Sinne ist die rechtliche Forderungsbeziehung, die den Glaubiger eines enzelnen Anspruchs mit dem korenspodierenden zur Leistung verpflichteten Schuldner verbindet. Schuldverhaltnis im weiteren Sinne bezeichnet aber ein gesamtes schuldrechtliches Rechtverhaltnis, aus dem regelmaβig eine ganze Reihe einzelner Forderungen(bzw, Leistungspflichten, Nebenpflichten), Gestaltungsrechte und Zustandigkeit abgeleitet werden konnen. Mit dem Schuldverhaltnis entsteht die Leistungspflicht des Schuldners und das Forderungsrecht des Glaubigers gegen den Schuldner. Deshalb bezeichnet man das Forderungsrecht als ein rechliches Recht. Verletzt der Schuldner aber schuldhaft seine Leistungspflicht und kommt es deshalb zu einer Leistungsstorung, so kann der Glaublger seine Forderung gegen den Schuldner einklagen und aus dem Urteil, das der Klage stattgint, die Zwangsvollstreckung gegen ihn betreiben. Im Gegensatz zum Schuldverhaltnis begrundet ein Gefalligkeitsverhaltnis keine Verpflichtung, die versprochene Gefalligkeit zu erbringen. Die Abgrenzung des Gefalligkeitsverhaltnisses vom Schuldverhaltnis ist theorietisch leicht moglich. Was aber im Einzelfall gewollt ist, laBt sich nicht immer leicht feststellen. In bezug auf Schuld und Haftung ist Schuld das Leistungsollen des Schuldners. Demgegenuber bedeutet Haftung das Unterworfensein des Schludners unter den zwangsweisen Zugriff des Glaubigers. Wenn der Schuldner fur seine Schuld auch haftet, er also dem Zugriff des Glaubigers unterworfen ist, so fragt sich womit er haftet. Hier wird also Schuld ohne Haftung, Haftung ohne Schuld und beschrankte Haftung erzahlt. Im schluβ werden in bezug auf Abgrenzung des Schuldverhaltnisses die schon erzahlte Ge genstande synthetisch erwahnt.

부동산등기신청에 대한 등기관의 주의의무

최명구 한국민사법학회 2006 民事法學 Vol.31 No.-

Obligations of a Registrar at the time of Real Estate Registration Application The Right of the registrar concerning investigation about real estate registration is divided into formal and substantial. The formal right is related to the investigation whether the application of real estate registration is lawful in registration's process. But the substantial right is connected with the investigation about the substantial effect including the reasons of registration application. The Real Estate Registration Law in Korea provides the formal right concerning registration in principle. It is important problems in this right how to do according to investigation. The paper, which has the commentary on a case (2003Da13038), provides the investigation about documents and attendance and shows the responsibility of registrar if he makes a mistake about this investigation. According to this case the registrar can investigate only the authenticity of the submitted documents. There is also room for doubt that the submitted documents is truthful. For the authenticity of the submitted documents the formal investigation right of the registrar should be more strengthened. In addition, through the public trust of real estate registration the parties and the third parties suffer no damages. Under the current law systems and concerned administration systems we need to minimize damage and the unreliable real estate registration. For this realization the right of the registrar need to be strengthened more.

소비자계약의 해제시 사업자의 통상의 손해

최명구 한국민사법학회 2009 民事法學 Vol.44 No.-

This paper is about ordinary damages of supplier in the event of rescission of the consumer contract. The purpose of this paper lies in the study of the meaning, the range, and the proof of ordinary damages in the event of rescission of the consumer contract. References for the study are made from the related papers in South Korea and Japan. This paper is composed in the following orders: Firstly, I have researched on the meaning of ordinary damages on the rescission of general contracts and the scope of compensation for damage in the even of rescission of the consumer contract law based on § 399 of civil act, § 9 of installment transactions act, § 19 of act on the consumer protection in the electronic commerce transactions, etc. and § 10, §19, § 30 of door to door sales, etc. act - the related consumer contract law, the scope of compensation for damage by non-performance on contract is stated in § 389 of civil act no greater than the ordinary damage, and thus, the ordinary damage of the supplier in the even of rescission of consumer contract is the same concept as the ordinary damage on the civil act, but can be interpreted differently on the scope because of the unique characteristics of consumer contracts. Secondly, enactment process of consumer contract law, contents and legal status of § 9 ① of consumer contract act and related problems has been inspected to look into in the average damage in the event of rescission of consumer contract in Japan. Especially, the meaning of average damage has been inspected and examined in relation with § 426 civil act in Japan in the chapter. In addition, study has also been made in the characteristics of average damage and recovery in the even of 해제 of consumer contract law through enactment process. One different point in Japan from South Korea is that consumer contract law is enacted and enforced. Third, with one judicial precedent in Japan district court, I have looked into “real relationship" the summary of case and made the comment of case. The average damage occurs when the same kind of a consumer contract against many and unspecified consumers is rescinded and therefore, is similar in the meaning, but different in scope with the ordinary damage of the civil act. Lastly, research has been made on the meaning, the scope, and the proof step of the ordinary damage of the supplier based on the consumer contract law, and the proposition has been made on the need of the unification of related articles, and the enactment of the one unified consumer contract law encompassing other consumer contracts. In addition, comment has been made on the regulations on the scope of the ordinary damage of the supplier based on the laws to be established, and the necessity of the enforcement of the regulations.

자아 노출대상의 성별에 따른 청소년의 자아노출 수준연구

최명구,신은영 숙명여자대학교 사회│교육과학연구소 2003 사회 교육과학연구 Vol.6 No.2