베이비부머는 빈곤위험으로부터 안전한가: 노동경력을 중심으로

지은정 ( Eun Jeong Ji ) 고려대학교 정부학연구소 2018 정부학연구 Vol.24 No.2

본 연구는 한국복지패널 1~11차 자료를 활용하여 베이비부머의 노동경력에 따른 빈곤위험을 연구하였다. 분석결과 첫째, 청장년세대의 빈곤율은 2006~2016년 사이 감소하였지만, 베이비부머는 증가하였고 소비빈곤의 증가율은 경미하지만 현세대 노인보다 높다. 이 추세가 지속되면 베이비부머가 노년기에 진입해도 노인 빈곤율이 크게 감소하기 어려울 것으로 예측된다. 둘째, 베이비부머의 46%는 2006년 이후 한번 이상 실직을 경험하여 고용이 불안정한 비율이 높다. 베이비부머의 직업력이 높다는 진단은 40대 중반까지만 해당되는 것으로 판단된다. 셋째, 노동경력에 따라 소득빈곤은 10배, 소비빈곤은 20배 차이난다. 특히, 40대 후반 이후 경제활동을 하지 않은 베이비부머의 소득빈곤율은 60.1%, 소비빈곤율도 51.3%로 높다. 자산을 현금화해도 빈곤을 벗어나기 어려운 것을 알 수 있다. 더구나 빈곤에 한번 진입하면 벗어나기 어렵기 때문에 정부가 베이비부머에 대해 낙관적 기대로 대처하면 노인빈곤문제가 더 악화될 것으로 예측된다. The purpose of this study was to investigate the risk of poverty faced by baby boomers depending on their career. This study used secondary data from the Korean Welfare Panel, from the first to the 11th wave. As a result, this study provides evidence that a baby boomer's career in the labor market affects their economic state around the age of 60. First, the poverty rate of baby boomers has increased from 2006 to 2016 while that of young people has decreased over the same period. If this trend continues, it is expected that the elderly poverty rate will not be reduced, even after baby boomers become senior citizens. Second, 46% of baby boomers have experienced unemployment at least once since 2006, which indicates unstable employment. Third, the gap in income poverty rate is 10 times depending on career and the gap in consumption poverty rate is 20 times depending on career. In particular, the income poverty rate is 60.1% and consumption poverty rate is 51.3% of baby boomers who stopped working after their mid 40's. It is shown that it is difficult to escape poverty even when one has assets, and that it is particularly hard to exit poverty once one becomes poor. Thus, the poverty rate will continue to worsen if the government responds to the problem according to the optimistic expectations that baby boomer employment would be stable and that their risk of poverty would be low based on high educational standards and professional achievements.

자영업자의 취업빈곤에 영향을 미치는 요인

지은정(Ji, Eun-Jeong) 한국사회복지학회 2013 한국사회복지학 Vol.65 No.1

지금까지 자영업은 노동시장연구에서 배제되거나, 연구가 수행되더라도 자영업 결정요인을 중심으로 이루어졌다. 그러나 자영업자는 일을 하면서도 빈곤위험에 크게 노출된 집단이다. 그럼에도 자영업자의 경제적 심각성에 주목한 논문은 드물다. 이에 본 연구는 한국복지패널을 통해 자영업자의 취업빈곤 실태와 취업빈곤에 영향을 미치는 요인을 분석하였다. 분석결과 첫째, 자영업자의 빈곤율이 임금근로자 보다 평균 3.2배 높다. 특히, 임시일용직의 빈곤위험이 높지만, 자영자의 빈곤율도 높다. 둘째, 자영업자의 빈곤정도는 임금근로자보다 더 심각하다. 셋째, 자영업자가 취업자 가운데 차지하는 비중은 24%이지만, 빈곤층 가운데 차지하는 비율은 53%에 이른다. 취업빈곤층의 절반이 자영업자로 구성된 것을 알 수 있다. 넷째, 로지스틱 회귀분석결과, 상용직에 비해 임시일용직과 자영자의 빈곤위험이 유의하게 높게 나타났다. 임시일용직뿐 아니라, 자영자 역시 주된 정책대상으로 관심을 기울여야 함을 말해준다. 다섯째, 고졸이하 중고령층 자영업자, 그리고 서비스업에 종사하는 중고령 자영업자의 취업 빈곤율이 다른 집단보다 더 높은 것으로 나타났다. 이들에 대한 정책개입이 시급한 것으로 볼 수 있다. Until recently, self-employment workers are often excluded from labor market studies. Most relevant studies has focused on the determinants of entry into self-employment. However, the self-employment is highly exposed to poverty risk although they are working. Despite that, relatively little is known about the economic severity of the self-employed. This study uses data from the Korea Welfare Panel Study to examine the situation of the self-employed's in-work poverty and the determinants of in-work poverty among them. Major findings are as follows. First, self-employed people experience 3.5 times higher in-work poverty risk than employees. Especially, the ratio of own-account self-employed people living below the poverty line is similar with that of even precarious employees. Second, the extent of poverty of self-employment is more serious. Third, the proportion of self-employed among working poor is about 53% although self-employed workers are composed of only about 24% among working people. Fourth, temporary employees and self-employed people are more likely to be poor than full time employees according to logistic regression. It is statistically significant. It implies that it is desirable to regard the self-employed as the policy target group along with temporary employees . Fifth, the ratio of in-work poverty of self-employed aged 40-64 whose education level is low and the self-employed aged 40-64 who work in low-skilled service sector are higher than that of the other group. It implies that measures to alleviate their economic difficulties are urgently needed.

노인일자리사업의 유사,중복에 관한 연구

지은정 ( Eun Jeong Ji ) 한국지방행정연구원 2015 地方行政硏究 Vol.29 No.4

Consolidation has been brought forth as a policy solution for the overlap and duplication problem of the senior job programs. However, few academic works have addressed the subject so far. Hence, this study explores the overlap and duplication of senior job programs based on the direct job programs’ target groups and relevant activities. The final results of this study show that 49.3% of the direct job programs are similar in terms of activities. They cannot be, however, regarded as duplicates. Only about 23.9% of the direct job programs are similar with respect to their target groups. In addition, the beneficiaries who are over 65 years of age are merely 7,800 in number, which accounts for only 3% of the senior job programs. It also appears that there is no actual duplication or overlap at the lower levels, which points to the fact that horizontal policy fragmentation is what applies to the direct job programs.

노인일자리사업 수당인상의 빈곤감소 효과 및 효율성

지은정 ( Ji Eun-jeong ) 한국지방행정연구원 2018 地方行政硏究 Vol.32 No.4

This study aims to analyze the poverty reduction effect and efficiency of an increase in the stipend of the senior job program according to the government's plan. The basis for this analysis is ‘Living Profiles and Welfare Service Needs of Older Persons in Korea, 2017’ and the ‘Household Income and Expenditure, 2016’ database. The results show that, initially, the poverty rate appears to be 68.9% and it appears that individuals fall below the poverty line by 367,000 won. Subsequently, the poverty rate reduction effectiveness appears to be only 6.0% and the change in the poverty gap is just 38,000 won because of the high vertical expenditure efficiency and poverty reduction efficiency. Furthermore, the higher the stipend, the higher is the poverty reduction effectiveness. Although the increase doubles the current payment, 4 out of 10 people are still classified as poor and the poverty gap appears to be 160,000 won. Moreover, the poverty rate of the aged population drops from 47.2% to 45.5%, while the change in the poverty gap is just 14,000 won. However, the government expenditure for this program has been increased by more than 2.5 to 5 times that of the current expenditure. Although the program reduces poverty, it is not enough to alleviate poverty only through an increase in the stipend. The senior job program is neither income maintenance policy nor the public assistance. Especially, the civic service program should avoid setting poverty reduction as its primary goal but should expand opportunities for the low-income aged population to participate in social activities.

생애 주된 일자리 퇴직자의 최저임금 사각지대 연구 : 서울시 전일제 재취업자를 중심으로

지은정 ( Ji¸ Eun Jeong ) 한국지방행정연구원 2020 地方行政硏究 Vol.34 No.4

Focusing on Seoul, this study identifies the scale, characteristics, and causes of the exclusion of retired career job from the minimum wage. The results reveal that older workers paid below the national minimum wage account for about 28 percent of full-time re-employed workers based on the monthly wage. In this study, 23 out of 100 re-employed older workers are classified as excluded from the minimum wage, although all workers should protect from the minimum wage. In addition, work below the national minimum wage would have been accepted by workers who had not accumulated sufficient income to support full retirement. Many older workers, unable or unwilling to retire, found an alternative in the form of on the job retirement because they could not no longer to be retired. However, this may be accomplished by moving to a low wage job especially being paid below the national minimum wage. For these workers, there may be no alternative except to work for below the minimum wage. However, all workers should be paid minimum wage regardless of their labor status and age.

시민서비스는 자원봉사의 대척점에 있는가? -미국의 AmeriCorps와 Senior Corps를 중심으로

지은정 ( Eun Jeong Ji ) 한국사회복지연구회 2014 사회복지연구 Vol.45 No.2

Recently interest in civic engagement and civic service is increasing. However, in Korea, few studies have focused on civic service. This might be on account of general awareness that civic service is fundamentally different from the basic spirit of voluntary work, while interest in paid volunteer work is on the rise. Thus, it is necessary to examine whether civic service is the real antipode of volunteer work. Under this kind of critical viewpoint, this study aims to analyze civic service based on the attributes of voluntary work and civic service. The major findings are as follows. Firstly, contrary to common belief, civic service has not been established to go beyond the principle of voluntary and unpaid characteristics of volunteer work. Rather, some voluntary work has broken out of principle of voluntary activities. Secondly, civic service and volunteer work might be characterized as different not due to spontaneity and unpaid service but the structural characteristics of the goal, continuity and formality. Furthermore, the reason for the soft landing of civic service in the United States is not because they have supported the reimbursement of expenses and the provision of stipends. Rather, it is because their long-term activities have promoted real community development for the purpose of finding solutions to social problems, and they have derived a sense of pride and satisfaction from social recognition and rewards for their contributions.

OECD 15개국 중고령 남성의 취업률 결정요인

지은정(Ji Eun-Jeong) 한국사회복지학회 2011 한국사회복지학 Vol.63 No.2

본 연구는 1980~2005년 OECD 15개국 중고령 남성의 취업률 추이 및 취업률 결정요인을 분석하여 중고령 남성의 노동시장참여를 지원할 수 있는 방안을 살펴보고자 한다. 자료는 OECD, ILO, LIS 이다. 분석은 노동시장참여의 상태의존성과 패널개체의 이질성을 반영한 동적패널모형으로서, 도구변수를 사용한 Arellano and Bonds(1981)의 차분 GMM으로 하였다. 분석결과, 55~64세 남성의 취업률은 1990년대 중반까지 감소하였으나, 그 이후 증가하고 있다. 둘째, 1980~2005년 기간동안 중고령 남성의 취업률은 상태의존성이 강하게 작용하였고, 정적인 기간효과가 나타났다. 공적 연금의 유인효과는 크게 나타나지 않았고, 노동시장의 배출요인이 부적인 영향을 미쳤다. 셋째, 1996~2005년은 노동시장위험완화요인인 임시직 비율이 중고령 남성의 취업률에 기여하였고, 빈곤이 노동의 메커니즘으로 나타났다. This study intends to analyze the trend of employment rate of men aged 55~64 in 15 OECD countries from 1980 to 2005. Furthermore, this study means to examine the determinants of men aged 55~64 in 15 OECD countries to support the labor force participation among them. The analysis is based on the data of OECD, ILO and LIS. The analysis method is Arellano and Bond(1981)’s difference GMM which used instrumental variables by dynamic panel model which estimates state dependency of labor market participation and individual panel’s heterogeneity. The main results from this analysis are summarized in three points. First, the employment rates of men aged 55~64 had decreased until the middle of the 1990s, while that has been increasing since 1995. Second, the sate dependency strongly worked in the employment rates of 55~64 men and positive period effect was observed for 1980~2005. This study cannot find the pull effect of public pension, while labor market push effect have negatively affected. Third, temporary work rates had contributed to increase the employment rate of men aged 55~64 for 1996~2005. The poverty has become the mechanism of the labor.

노인일자리사업과 자원봉사의 잠식관계에 대한 소고

지은정 ( Eun Jeong Ji ) 한국사회복지연구회 2012 사회복지연구 Vol.43 No.4

Despite rapid population ageing in Korea, most of policies have focused on income maintenance programs of the aged, while policies for social participation have been less developed. In recent years, the government intends to encourage the social participation of the seniors, especially, voluntary activities through expanding financial incentives such as stipends, meals while on duty and reimbursement for transportation to offset expenses incurred for performance. However, it has been criticized that the senior employment program encroaches on the elderly voluntary work. Thus it has become an obstacle to expand not only senior employment program but also voluntary activities. This study analyzes the paid voluntary work`s current situation, problems and the relations between the senior employment program and voluntary activities. The main result from this analysis is summarized in two points. Firstly, most volunteerism still emphasize unpaid and spontaneous voluntary, but there are considerable proportion of financial incentives, directly or indirectly. Secondly, in the beginning of the elderly job creation program, the voluntary work of the old was partly reduced. However it cannot change the whole voluntary work`s frame. In addition, taking into account the high rate of duplication among participations, the transition from the voluntary activities to employment program may not be huge. It is hard to find strong relationship between them.

경기변동이 자영업이행에 미치는 영향의 연령집단별 차이 -구축가설과 유인가설을 중심으로-

지은정 ( Eun Jeong Ji ) 한국사회복지연구회 2012 사회복지연구 Vol.43 No.2

Although the rate of self-employment is high in Korean labor market and the rate gap between age groups is high, few studies have addressed on the effects of push factors on transition into self-employment across age groups. The goal of this research is to determine if push factors exert different effects on the self-employment decisions across age groups. There is interest in testing push hypothesis and pull hypothesis. The Korean Labor and Income Panel Study wave 6~11 is used to test this study`s hypothesis. The main contribution of the paper is that in case of high unemployment, the probability of transition into self-employment increases. It is consistent with the push hypothesis. Many people are forced to become self-employed person due to the high rate of unemployment and limited occupational choice rather than the role of entrepreneurship. By age subgroup, the transition into self-employment of the ages of 30 and 49 is high. In addition, people at 40-49 years of age are more likely to become self-employed as a response of inadequate job opportunities. It provides the evidence that the self-employment is not a matter of special age group in that people in the 30 to 49 year old age group whose economic activities are vigorous move into marginalized labor market. Furthermore, it seems to be threatened the employment`s stability of the prime age in that even people who are age 40-49 years of age are pushed into self-employment because of the recession.

OECD 10개국 노인의 소득불평등에 관한 연구 -생애주기관점을 중심으로-

지은정 ( Eun Jeong Ji ) 한국사회복지연구회 2011 사회복지연구 Vol.42 No.1

This study views the aged inequalities according to the aged inequality hypothesis of the life course perspective in OECD 10 countries. Focusing on welfare state regime which is social structure factors of inequality, this study analyzes income inequality for the aged who have transformed into old age period from non-aged period in terms of individual`s life cycle. The analysis is based on the data SHARE of Europe and HRS of USA. The main results of this study are summarized in four points. First, welfare system and the education level are the main factors of the inequality. Second, the income inequality is somewhat reduced in case the people move from the period of non-aged to the period of aged. However, gini coefficient is still high(0.475). Considering welfare state regimes, although the income inequality is high in conservative regime of non-aged period, this would be higher in aged period. This result supports cumulative advantages/disadvantages hypothesis. The liberal regime remains high income inequality which supports the theoretical argument of status maintenance. Social democratic regime provides evidence to offer some support for the status leveling hypothesis. In there, income inequality is lower in aged period even though income inequality of non-aged period is low. Third, the cumulative advantages/disadvantages of disposable income according to educational level are strengthened and heterogeneity is grown in case people transition from the late period of non-aged to aged period. But public pension has been more equally distributed than gross income. Fourth, seeing welfare state regimes, public pension of aged-period is more inequally distributed than that of non-aged period in liberal and conservative regime. Specially in conservative regime, inequality of gross income is very high and public pension is also inequally distribute So this might show that the social security system strengthens the cumulative advantages/disadvantages. However, in the social democratic regime, public pension is more equally distributed than gross income and it could be much more equally distributed in aged period, which can support the status leveling hypothesis.