A Study on Port Performance Evaluation Using BSC-PCA Approach - Focusing on Container Terminals on Incheon Port -

주럴러,진가영,이향숙 한국물류학회 2022 물류학회지 Vol.32 No.1

The environment in which the ports are located is unpredictable and dynamic, and it eventually leads to disputes among diverse parties. Previous research shows that the comprehensive “balanced”examination framework among stakeholders seemed lacking and it resulted in most prior port performance evaluation being limited in a fragmented level (e.g., efficiency, finance, operation, function, regulation, etc.). For fulfilling the research gap, a top-down performance evaluation theoretical model based on the balanced scorecard (BSC) is introduced with four parts of “Financial”, “Inner Process”, “Learning & Growth”, and “Customer”. The established performance evaluation framework chooses four container terminal operators (TOs) in Incheon Port as the verified cases by adopting PCA (Principal Component Analysis) methodology. The hybrid BSC-PCA verification approach through extracting a few most important components among the vast amount of original variable information to detect the performance contribution ranking of four BSC items. Four container TOs’ cases confirm “Inner Process” have the highest contribution rate to port performance, followed by “Financial”, “Customer”, and “Learning & Growth”. The comparison among TOs by year also reveals that “SNCT”and “HJIT” have better port performance than “ICT” and “E1” during two sample observation years. With “Covid-19” impacts consideration, the two sample observation years are limited in 2019 and 2020. The BSC-PCA port performance evaluation method is effective and feasible, and it may bring some particular practical significance to the port industry.

A Comparative Study of Explanatory and Predictive Models in Air Cargo Throughput

주럴러,이향숙 한국물류학회 2022 물류학회지 Vol.32 No.4

Air cargo throughput has played an important role in the contribution of total national commerce volume and regional GDP, by the expansion of the global economy. Previous studies have identified the critical significance of air freight in national or international economic growth. Various models, including linear regression and time-series models, have been applied to analyze and predict the factors influencing air cargo volumes and the trends for future development. However, many models are implemented as a single methodology, but a few studies reviewed and mixed explanatory and predictive models at the same time. Therefore, three mainly used methodologies of MLR (multiple linear regression), PCA (principal component analysis), and ARIMA (autoregressive integrated moving average model) are chosen for this paper to compare and analyze the air cargo throughput of one Asia’s representative airport, Shanghai Pudong Airport (PVG). The results of the explanatory model shows that GDP, population, oil consumption, and exchange rate are regarded as the four most important variables influencing PVG air cargo volumes. The outcomes of regressive predictive model presents that MLR-PCA has a better performance than MLR, while in ARIMA predictors, the ARIMA (p:12, d:0, q:0) is shown to have a superior predictive fit than the ARIMA (p:1, d:0, q:0). By comparing different methodologies, this paper contributes to the industry’s study of the variables affecting air cargo and the future improvement of air cargo throughput forecasting capabilities.

A Study on Port (Terminals) Operational Efficiency Analysis Using PCA-DEA Approach: Focusing on Container Terminals on Busan Port

주럴러(Lele Zhou),이향숙(Hyang-Sook Lee) 한국물류학회 2023 물류학회지 Vol.33 No.1

선행연구에서는 항만 효율성에 평가함에 있어 항만 성능의 중요성을 인식하였으며, 이를 규명하기 위해 과학적인 방법론인 DEA (Data Envelopment Analysis)와 SFA (Stochastic Frontier Analysis)가 주로 이용된 것으로 파악되었다. 다만 아직까지 입력변수와 출력변수를 선택할 때 객관성이 다소 부족하다는 한계가 존재한다. 국내 최대 규모의 환적항인 부산항에 대해 이미 많은 관련 효율성 연구가 존재하지만, 대부분 컨테이너 터미널 보다는 전체 항만의 관점에서 연구가 수행되었다. 따라서 이 논문은 2021년 최신 자료를 통해 부산항 9개 컨테이너터미널의 운영 효율성을 연구하는 것이 목적이며, 이를 위해 PCA (Principal Component Analysis) - DEA 접근법을 적용하였다. PCA-DEA 평가방법은 실용적이며, 편향된 결과가 도출되지 않는다는 장점을 가진다. 컨테이너 처리량을 출력변수으로 설정하고, 토지, 시설, 노동의 3개 범주 내 13개의 변수를 입력변수로 지정하였다. PCA는 주요 성분을 분석하는 과정으로, 3개의 핵심 성분으로 “야드 내 이동 크레인(RMGC)”, “직원 평균 급여” 및 “컨테이너 화물 스테이션(CFS) 공간”이 제시되었다. 이어서 DEA (CCR)와 DEA (BCC) 모델을 사용하여 항만 표율성을 평가하였다. 분석 결과, “PNIT”, “PNC”, “HJNC”는 DEA 효율적인 터미널인 것으로, “HPNT”, “BNCT”, “자성대”, “신선대”, “감만”은 비효율적인 터미널인 것으로 각각 판명되었다. 비효과적인 컨테이너 터미널에 대해서는 ROS (Return to Scale) 및 입력 중복성 논의를 통해 개선방안을 논의하였다. 본 연구의 결과는 항만 터미널을 객관적으로 평가하고, 향후 항만 효율성 및 경쟁력 강화를 위한 전략 수립시 유용한 자료를 제공한다. Previous literature has recognised the importance of port efficiency to port performance, and two popular methodologies of DEA (Data Envelopment Analysis) and SFA (Stochastic Frontier Analysis) have been widely applied to efficiency evaluation. However, there seems a limitation of lacking objectivity when selecting the variables of inputs and outputs. Meanwhile, as for the largest port in Korea, although many related efficiency studies already exist for Busan Port, most of them are founded on a whole port level basis while seldom on the container terminal level. Therefore, to fill the gap, this paper introduces a PCA (Principal Component Analysis) - DEA approach to research the operational efficiency of nine container terminals of Busan Port with the latest data of 2021. The PCA-DEA port (terminal) evaluation approach is practical and unbiased, and it may have some special practical value for the port industry. Container throughput is set as the output, and 13 variables from three scopes of land, facilities and labour are identified as inputs, followed by PCA which eventually detects three indictors of “No. transfer crane (RMGC) in yard”, “Staff average salary” and “Container freight station (CFS) space” as the core inputs representing the above three dimensions. Then, the DEA (CCR) and DEA (BCC) models are used to gain the assessment results: “PNIT, “PNC” and “HJNC” are DEA efficiency, while others of “HPNT”, “BNCT”, “Jaseongdae”, “Shinseondae”, “Gamman” and “Shin Gamman” are non-DEA efficiency. In addition, to achieve the target efficiency for the non-effective terminals, this paper confirms improvements through Return to Scale (ROS) and input redundancy discussion. This study objectively evaluates port terminals and provides useful data when establishing strategies to strengthen port efficiency and competitiveness in the future.

A Study on Port (Terminals) Operational Efficiency Analysis Using PCA-DEA Approach: Focusing on Container Terminals on Busan Port

Lele Zhou(주럴러),Hyangsook Lee(이향숙) 대한교통학회 2022 대한교통학회 학술대회지 Vol.87 No.-

Previous literature has recognised the importance of port efficiency to port performance, and two popular methodologies of DEA (Data Envelopment Analysis) and SFA (Stochastic Frontier Analysis) have been widely applied to efficiency evaluation. However, there seems a limitation of lacking objectivity when selecting the variables of inputs and outputs. Meanwhile, as the largest port in Korea, although many related efficiency studies already exist, most of them are founded on a whole port level basis while not on the container terminal level. Therefore, to fill the gap, this paper introduces a PCA (Principal Component Analysis)-DEA approach to research the operational efficiency of nine container terminals of Busan Port with the latest data of 2021. Container throughput is set as the output, and 13 variables from three scopes of land, facilities and labour are identified as inputs, followed by PCA which eventually detects three indictors of “No. transfer crane (RMGC) in yard”, “Staff average salary” and “Container freight station (CFS) space” as the core inputs representing the above three dimensions. Then, the DEA(CCR) and DEA(BCC) models are used to gain the assessment results: “PNIT”, “PNC” and “HJNC” are DEA efficiency, while others of “HPNT”, “BNCT”, “Jaseongdae”, “Shinseondae”, and “Gamman” and “Shin Gamman” are non-DEA efficiency. In addition, to achieve the target efficiency for the non-effective terminals, this paper confirms improvements through Return to Scale (ROS) and input redundancy discussion. The PCA-DEA port (terminal) evaluation approach is practical and unbiased, and it may have some special practical value for the port industry.

A Study on the Supply Chain Finance (SCF) Adoption on an E-commerce Platform from the Perspective of Competitive Advantages

Lele Zhou(주럴러),Hyangsook Lee(이향숙) 한국SCM학회 2023 한국SCM학회지 Vol.23 No.1

Fuzzy-AHP를 이용한 화물자동차의 교통안전 대책에 관한 연구

진무위,주럴러,이향숙 한국ITS학회 2022 한국ITS학회논문지 Vol.21 No.2

최근 화물자동차 통행량이 증가함에 따라 도로가 더욱 혼잡해지고 사고 위험도도 높아지고 있는 추세이다. 화물자동차로 인한 교통사고 치사율은 승용차와 승합차에 비해 약 2~3배로 높 은 상황으로 화물자동차 교통안전에 대한 대책 마련이 시급한 상황이다. 기존 연구들이 대부 분 교통사고에 영향을 미치는 요인 분석에 집중하였다면, 본 연구에서는 운전자 설문조사 및 인터뷰, 관련 연구 등을 토대로 화물자동차의 교통안전을 위한 대책을 제시하였다. Fuzzy-AHP 방법론을 활용하여 안전대책 항목을 대분류 4개, 소분류 12개로 설정하고, 항목 간의 우선순위 를 평가하였다. 분석결과, 화물자동차 운전자의 근무환경 개선이 가장 중요한 것으로 도출되었 으며, 도로 교통환경 개선이 그 뒤를 이었다. 세부적으로는 화물자동차 운임제도 개선, 운전자 의 충분한 휴식 보장, 도로변 불법 주정차 단속 강화 등이 시급한 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구는 향후 지속적 증가한 화물자동차 통행에 대비한 안전정책 마련을 위해 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다. With the increase of truck traffic, roads are becoming more congested and the risk of accidents is also increasing. Since the fatality rate of traffic accidents caused by trucks is about 2 to 3 times higher than that of passenger cars and buses, it is urgent to prepare policies for truck traffic safety. While most of the previous studies focused on factor analysis that contributes to traffic accidents, this study presented traffic safety policies (4 major-criteria and 12 sub-criteria) for trucks through driver interviews and previous studies. Then, the priority of the policies was evaluated by using Fuzzy-AHP. As a result, the improvement of truck drivers’ working environment was evaluated as the most important criteria, and followed by the improvement of road traffic conditions. In detail, there is an urgent need to improve the freight car fare system, ensure sufficient rest for drivers, and strengthen the crackdown of illegal parking and stopping along roads. This study is expected to be usefully utilized in preparing traffic flow safety policies in preparation for the continuous increase of truck traffic.

부정산출요소를 고려한 중국 경제권의 효율성 평가

진가영,주럴러,이향숙 한국로지스틱스학회 2022 로지스틱스연구 Vol.30 No.1

With the development of China, air pollutants are also growing rapidly in recent decades, especially in big cities of the country. To better understand the relationship between economic conditions and air pollutants in big cities, this study combined the carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions of 17 provinces in China’s four key economic development zones (the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region, the Bohai Economic Rim, the Pearl River Delta, and the Yangtze River Delta) for the first time and explored the decoupling of economic growth from CO2 emissions. To achieve the research purpose, this paper constructs an economic benefit evaluation index system with employees, fixed investments, main energy productions as inputs, and gross domestic product (GDP) as output. In addition, the trend of economic efficiency changed from 2016 to 2020 was analyzed and compared by combining CO2 emissions and set as undesirable output based on slacks-based measure (SBM) model and undesirable output model. The results show that from the perspective of provincial economic efficiency, the economic efficiency considering the undesirable output is lower than the traditional economic efficiency from 2016 to 2020. In terms of regional economic efficiency, the Bohai Economic Rim (BER) and the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region (BTHR) are the most economically efficient of the four economic development zones (EDZs). Additionally, the mean value of regional green economic efficiency, in descending order, is the BER, the BTHR, the Pearl River Delta (PRD), and the Yangtze River Delta (YRD). In general, it is suggested that the government set different CO2 emission reductiontargets for different areas in order to achieve rapid economic growth, taking into consideration the disparities in industrial structure and economic development levels of different EDZs.