토양오염의 피해에 대한 책임

조은래,Cho, Eun-Rae 한국지하수토양환경학회 2005 지하수토양환경 Vol.10 No.6

토양오염으로 인해 피해가 발생하면 그 피해배상과 토양오염정화에 대한 책임을 진다. 이러한 책임은 민사상의 일반적 책임과는 다르다. 토양환경보전법상으로는 피해에 대하여 과실책임이 아닌 무과실책임을 지우고 있으며, 공동의 책임인 경우에는 연대책임(부진정연대책임)을 지우고 있다. 이것은 피해자의 구제를 용이하게 하기 위한 것이다. 그리고 토양정화책임과 그에 따른 비용책임에 대하여도 소급책임, 엄격책임, 연대책임을 지게하고 있다. 다만 천재지변과 전쟁으로 인한 경우에는 면책하고 있다. 책임당사자는 오염유발자와 토양오염시설의 소유 또는 점유자 및 운영자, 그리고 그 시설을 양수한 자 및 인수자로 규정하고 있다. 이와 관련하여 책임당사자가 불명하거나 무자력 등으로 인하여 책임을 질 수 없는 경구에 결국 국가가 책임을 짐으로써 국민의 조세부담을 가중시킬 염려가 있다 따라서 책임당사자의 범위를 확대시키거나 정화비용에 대한 기금제도의 활용이 요청된다 Soil is polluted by an agricultural chemicals, the effluence of a crystal and sewage sludge, illegal discharging of waste water or waste matter and so on. Soil pollution that accompanies a groundwater and the crops contamination has a large effect on people's living. By polluters pay principle, when a soil was polluted, polluters take the responsibility of clean-up and compensation for damages. The character of the responsibility is a strict liability. When joint polluters exist in a soil pollution, they bear collective responsibility. But they are exempted from obligation in case of a natural calamity and war. The polluters who are poor contribution of pollution take a partition responsibility but it is not easy to prove that. The concerned parties of purification liability in a soil pollution are polluter, an owner or occupant of a contaminated site, and a grantee. But when we do not appoint the polluter or he cannot do a cleanup, municipal must put in effect the purification. In such a case, another parties who are related to the contamination should take upon themselves a liability. The province of responsible parties, therefore, is required to extend to an owner or operator of a facility, a carrier and lender.

이탈리아의 근대 토지소유권의 성립에 관한 고찰

조은래 ( Eun Rae Cho ) 부산외국어대학교 지중해연구소 2007 지중해지역연구 Vol.9 No.2

Italian is the center state accomplished the foundation of Rome civilization to the Mediterranean. They say that Rome enlightenment is that of law. Proprietorship is the fundamental right of property. To study a modern dominion we need to examine the historical process of it. The Rome era, the control of land showed that the permanent right of lease loaning the king estate for a long time came into wide use all over the country. In the Langobard times agriculture was related the purpose of military affairs. People bearing military service were provided the land and permitted an assignment. This acquisition of land to the free people became one of causes fostering a small and medium self-management peasantry. They got out of feudal bondage and acquired an allodium afterward. The Middle Ages the control of land was beneficium but the allodium was formed according to famer`s economic independence and the decline of feudalism. In a corporate town times, the possession and use of land brought about a large reform. It is that a divided ownership was generated and a disposable the right of ownership appeared. A usufructuary right which had been restricted private land has dwindled away in 18th century. With the decline of the feudalism the permanent right of lease and usufructuary right was repealed. But the permanent right of lease was permitted temporarily and the usufructuary right was existed in a partial region. In this manner, the land reform of Italian has made quasi proprietary rights improve dominion and come into being modern property. the characteristics of Italian dominion is that the right of ownership is restricted to be fit for the purpose and exercised for the public benefit.

건설도급계약의 성립에 관한 연구

조은래(Cho Eun-Rae) 한국법학회 2007 법학연구 Vol.28 No.-

건설도급계약은 일반도급계약의 법적 성질과 다른 특성을 가지고 있다. 즉 고용이나 위임과 같이 건설도급은 시공과정에서 도급인의 계속적인 감리로 인하여 수급인의 종속노동에 가까운 측면과 완성물의 하자를 용이하게 발견할 수 없기 때문에 상호간의 신뢰관계가 기초되어야 한다는 점에서 계속적 채권관계의 성질을 가진다고 할 것이다. 따라서 건설도급(및 하도급)계약은 민법이 규정하는 도급계약과는 많은 차이점이 있다. 이에 건설산업기본법이 재정되어 제3장에서 「도급 및 하도급계약」이 규정되어 있고, 또한 동법의 규정에 근거하여 작성된 약관이 계약으로 이용하고 있다. 건설도급계약에 관하여 현실적으로 건설산업기본법에 근거한 ”민간공사표준도급계약서”라는 표준약관을 사용하고 있다. 그러나 이 약관의 실효성에는 문제가 많다. 건설산업기본법 제22조에서는 이의 실효성을 위하여 건설도급계약의 성립은 공정평등의 원칙과 신의성실의 원칙을 규정하고 있다. 이것은 건설도급계약의 폐해가 발생하는 것을 시정할 목적으로 각각 대등한 입장에서 합의에 따라 공정한 계약을 체결하고, 신의성실에 쫓아 이행하여야 한다는 것을 규정한 것이다. 한편 최근에 소비자보호의 차원에서 계약 성립 전 권유ㆍ교섭단계에서의 법적인 평가가 과제로 되고 있다. 이것은 건설공사에서 건설도급계약의 성립에도 관련되며, 현실적으로는 계약의 권유와 교섭단계에서 다양한 문제가 생기는 것은 사실이다. 건설도급계약에서 계약이 체결될 때까지는 많은 교섭과 상담이 이루어지는 것이 일반적이기 때문에 정보제공과 설명의무의 문제는 중요한 의미를 가지다. 건설공사의 특성상 건설도급계약은 정보의 양과 질, 교섭력에서 우위에 선 당사자가 최대의 이윤을 추구하며 계약을 지배하고, 다른 당사자의 의사를 부종시키게 된다. 이러한 상황에서 권유행위와 정보제공 및 설명의무가 문제되는 것이다. 따라서 정보제공ㆍ설병의무는 건설도급계약의 준비ㆍ교섭단계에서부터 공정하고 평등한 계약의 체결을 위하여 계약자유를 대신하거나, 그것을 보완하는 역할을 할 것이다. A contract for work is purported to pay the price for the completion of the work. It is a bilateral, consent, informal and an onerous contract to be achieved between a contractor and the other party. A building contract and subcontracting are different from contract for work in some of things. In a construction work. the builder is apt to be placed in a subordinate relationship because the contractor continuously supervises a builder. And they have to trust each other as they cannot easily discover defects of a finished product. The contract for work has the character of a continuing obligation according to these respects. In actuality a building contractor is in a disadvantageous position in a contract. The building contract need to interpret reasonably or substantially with considering characteristics of the building industry. They make use of the standard stipulation which is based on Construction Industry Standard Act in a realistic business. This act provides the rules to correct a premodern contract clause that contracting parties often make a contract under a handicap. The ground rule of a building contract and subcontracting is entering into a contract on equal terms. impartial and executing a contract sincerely. On the whole. when the building contract is formed a lots of negotiation and consultation from a preparatory stage to conclusion stage. furnishing information and an explanation duty have an important significance in connection with the building contract. Hereafter they will take the place of a free of a contract and play an important role supplementing it.

환경소송상의 입증문제에 대한 소고

조은래 ( Eun Rae Cho ) 한국환경법학회 2006 環境法 硏究 Vol.28 No.3

Nowadays the environmental pollution has become one of the serious problems all over the world. The environmental disruption has been so aggravated that we can no longer overlook it as a by-product or necessary evil accompanied in the course of the industrial development. The judiciary relief for the environmental pollution can be realized by the civil judicial procedure through the theory of the compensation for damage in the field of torts. It is difficult to examine a cause of harmful objects in a environmental pollution damage. Most of the environmental infringement is generated not a direct influence but an indirect. In a environmental litigation a plaintiff, as a victim, has burden of proof of causation in a claim for damages created by the environmental contamination. But there are many occasions in which the claimant can hardly prove it because of characters of the environmental damage. For the propose of his relief, it is demanded to lighten the burden of proof. The degree of proof will do not a high degree probability but a predominating probability. Accordingly he has only to verify the probability of suitable degree on the occurrence of damage by harmful objects. On the contrary a defendant, as a harmer, must prove opposite facts for a plaintiff` assertions. Also a study on epidemiology causation will be requested in the near future. The injured party of the environmental pollution does not have a information claim. As the way of information collection, we can show an interested party` reference, an obligation of a document submission and a factual statement.

로마법상의 혼인제도

조은래(Cho Eun-Rae) 한국법학회 2009 법학연구 Vol.35 No.-

로마의 혼인제도는 당시의 사회구조, 관습, 법제와 밀접한 관련을 가진다. 로마인은 혼인의 순수성과 인도주의사상을 강조하였고 혼인은 당사자의 합의로 성립하였으며, 합의의 방식은 문제되지 않았다. 일부일처제를 채택하였으며 적법한 법률혼은 로마 후기에 기독교의 교회혼으로 변화되었다. 원수정시대의 약혼은 순수한 도의적 의무만 발생시켰을 뿐이며, 약혼식은 의무사항이 아니었다. 전주정시대에 기독교의 영향으로 약혼에 법적 구속력이 부여되었고, 종교적 약혼의식이 법정방식으로 채용되었으며 위약금제도와 약혼의식의 결합으로 약혼은 위약금지급과 종교의식으로 성립하였다. 고대 시민법시대의 혼인은 처가 夫의 지배권인 부권(manus: 가장의 권위)하에 복속하여 딸과 같은 지위에 들어가는 부권혼(요식혼)과 그렇지 않은 비부권혼(비요식혼)으로 구별되었다. 혼인은 당사자의 합의로 성립하였으며 이 합의는 단순한 합의가 아니라 혼인관계존속의 합의, 즉 부부공동생활유지의 합의가 내재된 개념이다. 그러나 고전후기의 전주정시대에서는 혼인합의가 단순히 부부공동체생활의 창설의사만을 의미하였다. 그 결과 일방 배우자의 계속의사의 변경이나 부부공동생활의 폐지는 혼인관계에 아무런 영향을 미치지 않게 되어 중혼이 성행하였다. 혼인으로 부부의 친족간에는 인척관계가 성립되어 인척간의 혼인이 제한되었고, 부부간에는 간통처벌법이 적용되었다. 출산장려책에 따라 자녀가 없는 부인은 상속법상의 불이익을 받았다. 또한 부부는 상호보호와 부양의무가 발생하며, 친족법상의 권리의무가 발생했다. 이혼도 양당사자간의 합의 또는 일방적인 이혼의 의사표시로 성립했다. 유스티니아누스는 그 동안의 이혼제도를 전면적으로 개정하여 적법한 이혼과 부당한 이혼, 그리고 부득이한 사유로 인한 이혼으로 구분하여 각각의 성립요건과 법률효과를 달리 하였다. 이후 기독교 사상에 근거한 혼인해소불가의 원칙이 중세까지의 혼인법을 지배하였다. Marriage was composed of the agreement of the contracting parties in a marriage and an agreement form which did not matter in the Roman law. Bigamy was prevalent when a matrimony intention was transformed into the meaning of the marriage commencement which did not live continuously a married life. The Roman Empire adopted a monogamy. A lawful marriage was changed into a Christian marriage in the later monarchical days. In the sovereign government days, an engagement ceremony was not obligatory. But an engagement carried legal binding force and was concluded by damages for breach of engagement and a religious ceremony afterward. Marriage form was divided into manus and un-manus(cum manu and sine manu). Man and wife had the duty of supporting and mutual protection and rights and duties of the Domestic Relations Law. Conjugal relatives were related by marriage and they could not marry each other. The wife free from children was disadvantaged in the law of inheritance according to childbirth encouragement. Lex Popia Poppaea, marriage law enacted by Augustus, prohibited long engagement and divorce and punished severely adultery. Divorce was decided by the agreement of a party and a one-sided declaration of intention. Justinianus revised completely the divorce system and distinguished the legal condition and effect by classifying into the divorce of a lawful, an unreasonable and an unavoidable reason. After that time, divorce inhibition based on Christianity continued to the Middle Ages. We can find wedding ceremonies, agreements, and the effect of marriage in the Roman law to be similar to the present marriage. Also we know that a birth rate and family prosperity make a great contribution towards the development of a nation.

스테이션 교수전략을 활용한 예비유아교사 메이커교육 프로그램 개발 및 적용: 유아교과교재 연구 및 지도를 중심으로

조은래(EunLae Cho) 한국보육지원학회 2020 한국보육지원학회지 Vol.16 No.6

Objective: In this study, we tried to verify the effects of program by constructing an effective maker education program that can cultivate the maker s capabilities through voluntary production activities by utilizing various technologies and tools. Methods: First, prior research on maker education and the station teaching strategy was considered, and interviews and surveys were conducted on prospective early childhood teachers in order to find out the degree of demand for maker education. The final program was finalized through verification of the contents validity. Results: The developed program was applied to a total of 49 prospective early childhood teachers (24 in the experimental group, 25 in the comparative group) attending U College, and it was found to be effective in enhancing convergence talent, education knowledge of early childhood teachers technology, and self- directed learning skills. Conclusion/Implications: These findings show that the preliminary early childhood teacher maker education program using station teaching strategy has educational value that can be used as an effective teaching method in early childhood education.

중국의 환경보호법에 대한 소고

조은래 ( Eun Rae Cho ) 한국환경법학회 2015 環境法 硏究 Vol.37 No.3

최근 중국 정부는 2014년에 환경보호법을 개정하여 환경목표를 강화하는 등, 강력한 환경규제를 실시하고 있다. 즉 그동안 오염기업에 대한 미약한 처벌로 구속력이 없다는 비판을 반영하여, 기업의 환경 관련 위법행위를 횟수가 아닌 일수를 기준으로 처벌하고, 처벌의 상한선을 없애는 등 처벌의 강도를 크게 강화하였다. 개정된 환경보호법의 주요 내용은 생태 레드라인의 체제를 정비하고, 오염물질의 총량규제, 환경 모니터링 및 환경영향평가, 행정구역을 넘는 지역공동예방 시스템 등 환경보호의 기본제도를 구비하였다. 또한 환경보호와 감독 관리를 둘러싼 정부의 책임을 더욱 명확히 하였으며, 환경오염 및 개선에 대한 기업의 책임을 강화하였다. 그리고 환경에 대한 불법행위에 법적 제재가 엄격하게 되었으며, 정부와 기업의 환경관련 정보공개와 국민의 참여, 환경보호에 대한 감독 관리를 둘러싼 일련의 규정들을 정하고 있다. 개정 환경보호법에서는 환경오염 대한 행정적 조치와 책임 규정 등에 있어서는 구환경보호법보다 진일보한 면들이 있으나, 환경오염의 책임에 대하여는 다른 법에 위임하고 있다. 즉 중국의 권리침해 책임법의 관련규정에 따라 환경오염에 대한 책임을 지게 된다. 그리고 환경오염피해에 대한 무과실책임은 우리나라의 환경정책기본법 제44조에서 규정하고 있는 내용과 유사한 것으로 보인다. 또한 공동불법행위에 의한 환경오염의 책임에 있어서도 연대책임을 지는 것도 유사하지만, 오염기여도에 따라 책임의 분담을 확정하도록 한 분할책임을 인정하고 있는 것이 특이하다. 새로운 환경보호법의 시행으로 인하여 기업들의 환경보호 설비교체가 가속화될 전망이며, 이에 따라 폐수처리설비, 정화장비 등 관련 설비수요가 급증할 것으로 전망된다. 이러한 중국의 환경규제 강화는 기업들의 비용부담의 증가로 이어져, 상당한 경영 위험요소로 작용하고 있다. 이에 우리나라 기업들은 중국 내 사업장의 새로운 환경보호법의 내용에 대한 준수 사항들을 점검하고, 구체적인 조항들을 면밀히 검토하여 기업의 환경보호업무에 각별한 주의를 기울여야 한다. 또한 환경보호에 대한 구체적인 정책 및 시행에 대하여 지속적인 모니터링이 필요하다. 요컨대 향후 환경보호법의 원칙과 방향성에 대하여는 하위법령 및 지방법령 등으로 구체화될 것이다. 따라서 현재 중국에 진출한 우리나라의 기업들은 이러한 하위법령 및 지방법령의 책정상황 등의 정보를 정확히 인식하고 대응하여야 한다. 특히 실무상에서 기업은 환경측정 데이터의 보고의무를 지는데, 이때 환경측정 데이터의 변조 및 허위기재 등에 유의하여야 한다. On April 24, 2014, China revised its Environmental Protection Law(EPL). The amended Law, adopted at the 8th Meeting of the Standing Committee of the Twelfth National People``s Congress of the People``s Republic of China on April 24, 2014, is hereby promulgated and shall enter into force on January 1,2015. Chinese legislators have passed the first amendments to the country’s environmental protection law in 25 years after enactment of the original 1989 Environmental Protection Law, promising greater powers for environmental authorities and harsher punishments for polluters. And the government``s environmental agencies will be allowed to enforce strict penalties and seize property of illegal polluters. Compared to the original 47 articles in six chapters, the 2014 EPL has significantly grown in size, now consisting of 70 articles in seven chapters. This Law is formulated for the purpose of protecting and improving environment, preventing and controlling pollution and other public hazards, safeguarding public health, promoting ecological civilization improvement and facilitating sustainable economic and social sustainable development. Along with population control, as represented by the one-child policy, China has made environmental protection one of its state policies and shows a determination to take positive action on environmental conservation. And the polluter should be responsible for treating pollution, developers should be required to protect the environment, and those who cause pollution should be penalized. In addition to the Environmental Protection Law, the People``s Republic of China will also revise other major pieces of environmental legislation, including the Air Pollution Prevention Law, Water Pollution Prevention Law and Soil Pollution Prevention Law. The important contents of this law are as follows. The protection of environment is a basic national policy for China. The competent department of environmental protection administration under the State Council shall establish national standards for environment quality. The State shall establish and improve the environmental monitoring system. Compilation of draft development plans and construction of projects with environmental impacts shall be subject to environmental impact assessment in accordance with the law. Development plans without environmental impact assessment developed in accordance with the law are prohibited to be implemented. Construction projects without environmental impact assessment developed in accordance with the law shall not commence to construct. The State shall establish and improve ecological protection compensation mechanism. The State shall promote clean production and resources recycling. Citizens, legal persons and other organizations shall have the right to obtain environmental information, participate and supervise the activities of environment protection in accordance with the law. And Where an enterprise, public institution or other producer or business operator is fined due to illegal discharge of pollutants, and is ordered to make correction, if the said entity refuses to make correction, the administrative organ that makes the punishment decision pursuant to the law may impose the fine thereon consecutively on a daily basis according to the original amount of the fine, starting from the second day of the date of ordered correction. Those who cause damages due to environmental pollution and ecological destruction shall bear tort liability in accordance with provisions of Tort Liability Law of the People``s Republic of China. In short, Companies will need to be more careful compliance with environmental laws and regulations of China.

인지기능응용척도의 타당화를 위한 기초 연구

조은래(Eun Lae Cho),황해익(Hae Ik Hwang) 한국아동학회 2010 아동학회지 Vol.31 No.3

환경권과 생활방해에 대한 위법성판단의 연구

조은래(Cho Eun-Rae) 한국법학회 2005 법학연구 Vol.18 No.-

Environmental rights mean the constitutional rights that is not stipulated theirs contents and scopes. Without the legal for this, it is not easy to protect environmental rights in the concrete. But in case of being infringed on them, they can be protected by a nuisance prohibition. The invasion of environmental rights can be similar to a nuisance. A nuisance implies living obstacles by smoke, gas, a liquid, the a disturbance right to enjoy sunshine, a noise, vibration and so on. In the relief on a nuisance, an illegality is an important element. If someone violate another's environmental right, that is an illegal act in itself. This is the environmental right theory. The judgment of an illegality in general settles the theory of sufferable limit. A court has admitted them as legal rights, when environmental interests which a proprietor has possessed from old times are estimated objectively as having worth as living advantages. When the trespass for environmental interests exists and the trespass gets out of sufferable limit, a proprietor's rights are protected. An illegality is to be against the limit of sufferance. Standards of judgment for sufferable limit are mostly the comparison of violence and the benefit and protection of the law, the public interest and a utility, the importance of damage, the existence of an assaulter's law-observance, local conditions and order relations of a land use. The problem of an illegality judgement can be easy, when environmental interests are materialized by living advantages.

『고대 그리스 법제사』-최자영 저- [서평]

조은래 ( Eun Rae Cho ) 부산외국어대학교 지중해연구소 2008 지중해지역연구 Vol.10 No.1