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조두상 신한영미어문학회 1999 새한영어영문학 Vol.41 No.-
According to the historical point of view, we can define the pronoun is a word used in place of a noun. But this definition has changed in Late Modern English(LME). The pronoun is defined as a word used in place of noun phrase. The pronoun falls in 8 subsets : Personal, Relative, Interrogative, Reflexive, Reciprocal, Possessive, Demonstrative, and Indefinites. The personal pronouns are almost as complex today as they were in Old English(OE). Especially there were dual number personal pronouns in OE. But in the course of time the dual number and the old second persons singular forms had lost. The usual relative pronoun particle of OE was Þe. Sometimes it was preceded by the appropriate form of the demonstrative se to make a compound relative. But Þe had gone out of general use by about 1250. Also the combination of the simple demonstrative pronoun with Þe died out about 1100. In Middle English(ME) which, whos, whom come to be used as relative. In LME, the relative pronouns which were used commonly are who, which, that, the which. The which was fashionable in the 15th century, but recently is much rare. The reciprocal pronouns consisted of personal pronoun + seif or the personal pronoun alone in OE. In those days, the reciprocal pronouns couldn't be found, but reciprocal relationship may be expressed by reflexive pronoun or personal pronoun. In the 16th century, too, the plural reflexive pronouns were sometimes used in a reciprocal sense, i.e. with the meaning 'each other'. Each other, one another are often used without any differentiation in LME. Each other is often used for reference to more than two. In OE, the personal pronouns were used reflexively and the word self was added to emphasize them. In ME, mi self, Þi self began to appear in the thirteenth century. In 14th century this new formation was extended to the plural as our(e) self(e), selve(n), ??, self(e), selve(n). In LME, some difference occur in usage of the emphatic and reflexive pronouns, but the forms are the same. In Interrogatives, there are hwa and hwæt in OE. But hulic, hwæÞer and hwelc are used both independently and dependently. The interrogative pronoun of OE had no independent form for the feminine. There were masculine form hwa and neutral gender hwæt. In ME hwone form was taken by whom. The instrumental case was preserved in whi, why. Today what can be used to mean why. whether isn't interrogative pronoun meaning 'which of two?'. Recently there are three forms : who, what and which. The possessive pronouns min, Þin, sin, ure, eower, uncer, incer were declined like an ordinary strong adjective in OE. In sin didn't survive. The other possessive pronouns were expressed by the genitive of the personal pronouns. The old dual number forms uncer, incer disappeared in the thirteenth century. In Early Modern English(EME), instead of his, new form its spread rapidly by the 1620s. It was common and the use of his was rare as a neuter. The common use of its was probably due to the fact that people found it inconvenient to have the same form his as the possessive of both he and it. In OE there are two demonstrative pronouns - se and Þes, Þes is much less frequent than se, and Þes can contrast with se by pointing to something near as opposed to something far. The inflected forms of the singular began to be lost from about the middle of the twelfth century. In OE there are many kinds of indefinite pronouns such as fela, eall sum, etc. In the indefinite pronouns, adverbial compounds are often used such as any place, some place, every place. In ME Oon(one) is used as an indefinite pronoun 'someone'. Oon is also used to indicate an individual without describing him any more. In EME, the indefinite pronouns are used as those in LME. Sometimes whether, who, whose, that can be used as the indefinite pronouns.
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세종임금이 훈민정음 창제 때 참고한 문자 연구 : 인도글자가 한국글자에 미친 영향에 대하여
조두상 부산대학교 인문학연구소 2001 人文論叢 Vol.57 No.-
This is study is divided into two parts: the first part deals with the similarities between Korean script and Gujarati one of Indian. The other part deals with which alphabet did King Sejong take ‘phonetic script idea’from. At first, Gujarati Script, used for writing Gujarati, is a variant of Devanagari, differentiated by the loss of the head strokes and varying degrees of modifications in the remaining characters. It seems that some of present Gujarati and Korean Scripts are similar. Some Koreans suggested that Koreans suggested that Korean script should be related to Gujarati script. But the similar or nearly some shapes of two scripts were responsible for the historical development of Gujarati Script. So Korean Script didn't relate to Gujarati Script. Second, China was the first civilization country to emerge in Far East Asia; according when Korean and Japanese began toward civilization, they inevitably looked towards China as the ancient fount of culture. Chinese themselves borrowed Buddhism from India with its scriptures. When Chinese took the Buddhist Scriptures at first time, they were surprised at the Sanscrit alphabet system which was phonetic. Chinese writing systems were logographic. So Chinese began to study how to pronounce by Chinese scripts, they invented the ‘Banjeol’as phonetic style of Chinese characters. But these phonetic systems were insufficient to express Chinese language are fluently. Everthing which had happened in China came to Korea, because culturally China was the sun round which Korea revolved as a minor planet. So Korean came to learn Indian phonetic ideas through the Buddhist Scriptures and Chinese ‘Banjeol’systems. King Sejong had already known the Indian phonetic script by the Buddhist and Chinese ‘Banjeol’systems. When King Sejong tried to invent Korean Alphabet, he made a phonetic alphabet which was derived from a cursive form of the Nagari Script of Indian and a revised Chinese phonetic system ‘Banjeol’.
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조두상 부산대학교 인문학연구소 2007 코기토 Vol.- No.61
The parent of the English alphabet was made by the Phoenician. The Phoenician alphabets have influenced profoundly the western civilization and culture because they have given the basic alphabetical forms for the written languages of all the nations of Europe through Greece. The purpose of this paper is to find out how the Greek would contribute for the making of the English and Rome alphabet. Greek alphabets came from Phoenician Moabite type alphabet into Greece shortly after the time of Trojan war. Greek five true vowels had been evolved from Phoenician consonant based characters at the time when the earliest known Thera inscriptions were written. There were two vowels(upsilon and omega) and three consonants(phi, chi and psi) created originally in Greece. There were the interchanges of names and the amalgamation of contiguous local alphabet in Greece. Chalcidian alphabet of western characteristics of Greece became the parent of Roman alphabet.
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조두상 새한영어영문학회 2006 새한영어영문학 Vol.48 No.4
In this paper I determine which civilization, the Greeks, Romans, or English, made the greatest contribution to the creation and expansion of the English alphabets. While the English alphabet is a member of the Latin alphabet family, the primitive Roman alphabet was derived from the Greek Alphabet. Further, the Greek alphabet was derived from Phoenician alphabet. Thus, the alphabet that was transmitted to the foreign language would in some respects be redundant, in others defective. The Greeks in adopting Semitic letters naturally had difficulty pronouncing the ones which had no parallel in their language. The symbols for the same sounds could be transmitted without change, but superfluous letters might disappear, and new letters would be evolved by differentiation. The Greeks contributed vowels and other consonants to their alphabet. In addition, by the fifth century B.C. the Greeks altered the direction they wrote in from left to right. The Romans contributed to reform letter forms beautiful through regularity, symmetry and simplicity and transmit that alphabet to all of Europe. The material they used for writing helped them reform the forms of the letters. The Anglo-Saxons contributed three new letters (j, u, and w) and transmitted the English language and its letters around the world. English is now so widely spoken that many have suggested that English might well become the international. Since written language is dependent upon its alphabet, it seems to me that the most important contribution came from the English and the second from the Romans.
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조두상,박경현,홍원화 대한건축학회 2001 대한건축학회 학술발표대회 논문집 - 계획계/구조계 Vol.21 No.2
Daegu City was appointed as Solar City by IEA in November, 2000. To develop as au Eco-City, Daegu is conducting various renewable energy projects. But basic study of renewable energy and energy consumption must precede for accomplishing efficient outcome. This study is a precedent study for Solar school project in Daegu. By sampling 15 schools located in ㄷ office of education Daegu, the present condition of facilities can be understood, and by analyzing monthly, yearly electric power consumption into a unit, proper Solar Energy facilities can be established. According to the study, the electric consumption of elementary schools is increasing by more than 10 percent every year. This increase is assumed to be the result of computer education, school lunch program and heating and cooling facilities. Therefore introduction of energy economy policy and renewable energy such as Solar Energy are necessary for the improvement of educational environment and national energy provision.
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