정부의 "민법중개정법률안"의 평가: 민법총칙 중 法人法을 중심으로

제철웅(Je Cheol-Ung) 한국재산법학회 2005 재산법연구 Vol.21 No.2

학대피해 노인의 권리보호와 지원 등을 위한 특례법안을 제안하며

제철웅(Je, Cheol-ung) 한국성년후견학회 2015 성년후견 Vol.- No.3

2000년 우리나라가 고령화사회로 진입한 이후 노인학대가 점증하고 있다. 노인학대에 대처하기 위해 2004년 노인복지법을 개정하여 특정의 노인학대를 형사범죄로 처벌하도록 규정하였다. 그럼에도 불구하고 노인학대는 줄어들지 않았고, 더 증가하였다. 이에 노인보호전문기관에서 활동하는 몇 몇 실무가들은 노인학대범죄를 쉽게 발견해서 확실히 형사처벌을 받을 수 있도록 하기 위한 특별법을 제정하자고 주장하고 있다. 그러나 이 글은 이와 반대의 관점에서 서술하고 있다. 취약한 노인의 권리를 보호하고 그들을 옹호하는 것이 노인 학대를 더 효과적으로 방지하는 수단이라는 인식 하에, 달리 말하면 형사적 접근보다는 민사적 접근이 노인학대예방에 효과적이라는 인식 하에, 이 글은 학대 피해노인의 권리보호와 지원에 관한 법률의 제정을 제안하고 있다. The elderly abuse cases have been increasing since Korea became an aging society as from 2000. To cope with elderly abuse cases, the Elderly Welfare Act was revised in 2004 to the effect that the specific elderly abuses shall be sanctioned as a crime. Nevertheless, elderly abuse cases have not been alleviated, but much more increased. Some practitioners working in the elderly protection agencies insist that a special act be enacted so that elderly abuse crimes can be so easily detected for abusers to be punished; otherwise, elderly abuses cannot be stopped. On the contrary, considering that support, and protection of the rights of, vulnerable elderly can be much more effective measures to prevent elderly abuses, and that civil law approach, rather than criminal approach, can be better to cope with elderly abuse cases, this paper proposes the legislation of a special act for the protection of the rights, and support of, abused elderly.

성년후견제도의 미래 : 호주 뉴사우스웨일즈 주의 후견제도로부터의 시사점

제철웅(Je, Cheol-Ung),박현정(Park, Hyun-Jung) 원광대학교 법학연구소 2020 의생명과학과 법 Vol.24 No.-

치매, 발달장애, 정신질환 등으로 의사를 결정하는 데 장애가 있는 성인(의사결정능력 장애인)은 법률행위 및 준법률행위를 통해 재화와 서비스가 전달되도록 구성되어 있는 사회제도 내에서 생활할 때 다른 어떤 장애인보다도 착취와 학대에 더 많이 노출될 수 있다. 지역사회에서 다른 사람들과 대등한 지위에서 생활하기 위해서는 의사결정능력 장애인의 의사결정을 지원하고, 필요할 때에는 대리할 수 있는 개인별 지원자가 필요하다. 본인의 선택 또는 법률규정에 의한 선임을 거친 의사결정지원자가 없이는 의사결정능력 장애인이 학대위험으로부터 벗어나 지역사회에서 독립하여 생활하는 것이 매우 어렵기 때문이다. 그런데 많은 나라의 전통적인 법제도 하에서는 법원에서 선임한 후견인이나 계약에 따라 지속적 대리권(enduring power of attorney)을 가진 자가 이러한 개인별 지원자의 역할을 하는 것으로 예정되어 있었다. 그러나 장애인권리협약 제12조는 의사결정대행을 기본으로 하는 후견제도의 즉각적인 폐지를 요구하는 것으로 해석되고 있다. 그 점에서 위 조항에 부합하는 의사결정지원의 내용이 무엇인지, 제공되는 의사결정지원서비스의 제공･지원･감독에서 어떤 전달체계를 갖추어 국가가 관여해야 하는지가 협약비준국에 매우 중요한 입법 및 정책 과제로 부상하고 있다. 이 논문은 의사결정능력 장애인의 권리, 의사, 선호를 존중하는 의사결정이 이루어질 수 있도록 지원하는 개인별 지원자가 있어야 하며, 의사결정지원자를 본인이 선택할 수 있도록 보장하고본인이 선택할 수 없을 때 권한 있는 기관에서 지원자를 선임할 수 있도록 하는 것이 의사결정지원제도의 핵심이라고 보고, 이러한 유형의 의사결정지원제도를 구축하고자 하는 호주 뉴사우스웨일즈주의 예를 살펴보았다. 연구의 결과, 호주에서는 의사결정지원자 및 대리인이 의사결정능력 장애인의 권리, 의사, 선호를 존중하여 그 스스로 의사결정을 하도록 지원하고, 필요하면 대리하는 서비스를 제공하는 것이 장애인권리협약 제12조에 부합하는 것으로 파악하고 있음을 확인하였다. 의사결정지원서비스를 제공하는 전달체계는 주별로 관할하는 사항인데, 뉴사우스웨일즈주의 예를 보면 현재의 전달체계를 더 발전시켜, 지원자 및 대리인의 활동이 의사결정지원이 될 수 있도록 보장하기 위해 다학제 전문가로 구성된 선임기관(민사･행정위원회), 지원자 및 대리인의 활동을 지원하거나 감독하는 것만이 아니라 학대받거나 학대위험 상황에 놓인 의사결정능력 장애인의 피해를 구제하는 역할을 하는 기관(권리옹호인) 등을 새롭게 정비하고자 하는 것을 알 수 있었다. 이를 기반으로 이 논문에서는 명칭 여하를 불문하고, 의사결정지원을 피지원자의 권한 및 권리박탈과 연계되지 않도록 하고, 대신 자신의 권리, 의사, 선호에 따라 지역사회에서 생활할 수 있도록 지원하기 위해서는 후견법의 개정만이 아니라, 가정법원 중심의 후견 서비스의 전달체계를 근본적으로 개선하는 것, 의사결정지원자를 지원하고 감독하기 위한 별도의 기관을 두는 것, 학대예방 및 피해구제와 의사결정지원이 연계되도록 하는 것 등 의사결정지원 서비스의 전달체계에 세심한 관심을 기울여야 한다는 점을 제안하고 있다. In a society where goods and services are delivered through legal and quasi-legal instruments, adults who lack the capacity to make decisions, often with dementia, developmental disorder, mental illness, etc. are more likely to be victims of abuse and exploitation. They need others who can help them make choices about their own lives and, if necessary, make decisions on behalf of them; individuals who are either chosen by these persons or appointed through a legal procedure are essential for them in living independent lives in the communities. Under most legal systems, guardians appointed by court orders or persons with enduring powers of attorney have provided such assistance but the focus was very much on the substitution of decisions rather than support and assistance in making one’s own choices. The article 12 of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities(CRPD) is interpreted as calling for an immediate abolition of guardianship system based on substituted decision-making. What should be a supported decision-making like? What role should a state play in providing, advocating and supervising a supported decision-making framework? These questions emerge as most important legislative and policy issues in this regard. This paper runs a comparative study on the current guardianship system of the New South Wales, Australia, and the movement to reform it to be more in accordance with the CRPD. Each individual who is unable to make decisions should be provided with personal supporter(s) to help him make his own choices that respect their rights, wills and preferences. He should be guaranteed to choose a supporter or supporters of his own. When this is not possible, a state authority, be it a court or a tribunal or other forms of government agency, should step in to appoint one. These are key elements in establishing a supported decision-making system different from the current guardianship system both in NSW and in Korea. In Australia, the article 12 of the UN CRPD is interpreted not as abolishing substitute decision-making altogether, but as allowing it only as a last resort. Each State and Territory are to provide a decision-making support system. The reformative movement in New South Wales aims to create a supported decision-making system along with a revised substitute decision-making system. It maintains the interdisciplinary character of the members of the New South Wales Civil and Administrative Tribunal; it introduces a new post, the Public Advocate, whose duties are to advocate and supervise supporters and representatives, and to provide remedies to vulnerable persons in danger of abuse and exploitation. Supported decision-making should not involve depriving persons of their rights and autonomy. It rather means a system to help and assist persons to live independent lives in accordance with their wills and preferences, exercising freely their rights. In this regard, this paper proposes to reform the current Guardianship Act of South Korea, by making a fundamental change on the delivery system of guardianship services led by the family courts, introducing a separate body to advocate and supervise the supporters, and linking the supported decision-making system with the means to prevent abuse and provide remedies.

성년후견과 신탁 : 새로운 관계설정의 모색

제철웅(Je Cheol Ung) 한국가족법학회 2017 가족법연구 Vol.31 No.2

As a study on legal systems, this article proposes to set up a new legal principle of the relation between adult guardianship and trusts, which is able to explain relevant social and legal phenomena, while it does not intend to explain social phenomena prevalent in the area of adult guardianship and trusts. This kind of studies should be based on research methods of social science and is intended to suggest a new social and legal rule to purposedly change social phenomena. In other words, policies and legislative measures suggested by the study are based on the proper methods of social science. This article premises that Korean government including judiciary, as a ratifying state of the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, shall be obliged to improve the adult guardianship system to the direction of supported decision making schemes. Based on such an international obligation, this article suggests that trust schemes should be utilized on the way to the introduction and settlement of supported decision making system. To prove this suggestion, this article argues that adult guardianship system should be transformed to a supported decision making scheme, which UN Committee on the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities has urged ratifying states to develop on the basis of Article 12 of CRPD. As supported decision making schemes are evolving, some vacancy of property managements of persons with impairments to decision making abilities must take place, which, this article argues, can be filled by trusts. Whereas trusts has traditionally alternated the necessities of adult guardianship, this article argues that trusts should be placed in the center of the property managements of the persons with impairments to decision making disabilities; that, on the contrary, adult guardianship should be resorted to as supplements to trusts. For the purpose of managing property of those persons, this article argues that the purpose of trusts should be to safely and continuously spend their property in accordance with their present and future needs of daily expenditure, care and medical treatments; that civil trusts would be much better positioned to meet such needs rather than commercial trusts run by financial institutions.

후견법인의 역할과 기능에 관한 입법적 제안

제철웅(Je Cheol Ung),김원태(Kim Won Tae),이용표(Lee Yong Pyo),이세희(Lee Se Hee) 한국가족법학회 2016 가족법연구 Vol.30 No.1

Under the new adult guardianship system, which was introduced by the Adult Guardianship Act 2011 (the Revising Some Part of Civil Code Act), legal person can be appointed as a guardian. This paper deals with the necessities not only of opening to legal persons the possibilities of providing guardianship services including supervisory guardianship services, but also of letting legal persons participate in the operation of the new adult guardianship system. The operation of guardianship system can, by its nature, be subject to family courts and an administration department, whose proper candidates can be ministry of health and welfare and ministry of justice, but which this paper premises is ministry of health and welfare. In this regard, this paper suggests that even though it is necessary for legal persons to be invited to participate in the operation of adult guardianship system, the provision of guardianship services cannot be restricted to legal persons which are invited to participate in the operation of guardianship system. In other words, it in unnecessary to regulate the qualification of legal persons eligible for the provision of guardianship services by special acts. The provision of guardianship services is open to all the legal persons, regardless of whether non-profit organization or for-profit organization. On the other hand, Moreover this paper suggests that the choice and role of legal persons which are invited to participate in the operation of guardianship system be regulated in each social welfare laws relevant to persons with dementia, persons with developmental disabilities and persons with mental illness. For supporting the arguments it suggests, this paper introduces the role models from UK, Germany, Japan, Taiwan and Korean practices.

친권과 자녀의 권리의 충돌과 그 조정방향: 子의 인권을 중심으로

제철웅 ( Cheol Ung Je ) 아세아여성법학회 2006 아세아여성법학 Vol.9 No.-

Die Eltem haben das Recht und die Pflicht, fur das minderjahrigen kind zu sorgen und erziehen. Obwohl diese elterlichen Sorge elterliches gegenuber Dritten subjektives Recht ist, sie ist auch elterliche Pflicht gegenuber dem Kind, wildie Eltem bei der elterlichen Sorge das Kindeswohl zuvorderst berucksichtigen sollen; das Kinde hat also gegenuber den Tltem das Recht auf seinem Wohl mabigen Erziehung. Trotzdem Kennt das KBGB fur das Kind unzureichenden Rechtsbefehl, auch wenn die Eltem bei der elterlichen Sorge ihre Pflichtverlezt, d.h. das Kindeswohl gefahrdet wird, weil es nur den Verlust des elterlichen Sorgerechts, das Person-und Vermogenssorge umfabt, oder den verlust des Vermogenssorgerechts regelt. Diese Lage ist nicht anders bei Anwendung besonderer das Kindeswohl betrefeenden Gesetze. Durch diese fur den Schutz des Kindeswohls unzureichenden Rechtsbefehle Kann der Gedanke des Art. 36 Koreanischer Verfassung nicht verwirklicht warden; nach Art, 36 der koreanischer Verfassung sollen die Ehe und die Famile unter Wurdigkeit der Individuen und Gleichheit des Geschlechtes entstenhen und bestehen. Der verfasser schlagt in diesen Aufsatz verschiedene Reformen, die bei der eltelichen Sorge das menschliche Recht und das Wohl des Kindes zureichend gweahrleisten konnen,vor.

가족생활의 형사법적 보호와 민사법적 보호 간의 긴장

제철웅(Je, Cheol-Ung) 한국가족법학회 2015 가족법연구 Vol.29 No.3

The elderly abuse has recently been a hot issue, because family bondage has become weaker and weaker, and single households consisted of elderly has become rising. In this regard, some argues that a special legislation is necessary to punish or to educate elderly abusers. This paper suggests that private law approach work more efficiently than criminal law approach to prevent and reduce elderly abuses. It emphasizes that what is needed is to provide elderly with various future planning tools such as advanced directives to care and medical treatments, contractual guardianship similar to lasting power of attorney, and trusts and so on rather than to search abusers and punish them. The argument of this paper is based on the premise that elderly abuses take place because elderly lose the mental and/or physical capacity to deal with his and her property and personal welfare. If they have in advance made future planing to deal with losing capacity, most abuses can be properly prevented.

사법분야 투고논문 : 발달장애인 신탁의 필요성과 활용방안

제철웅 ( Cheol Ung Je ) 한양대학교 법학연구소 2015 법학논총 Vol.32 No.4

의사결정능력에 장애가 있을 뿐 아니라 생활하는 환경에 위험 요인이 많기 때문에 발달장애인은 금전관리나 계약사무 처리에서 타인의 도움을 지속적으로 받을 필요가 있다. 그럼에도 불구하고 발달장애인이 한 인간으로 존엄한 삶을 안정적이고 안전하게 영위하기 위해서는 특별한장치가 필요하다. 그 장치는 발달장애인의 행위능력을 제한하지도 않고, 발달장애인을 사회로부터 격리시키지도 않으면서, 자신의 욕구와 희망을 최대한 존중하면서 동시에 그에게 부족한 부분을 메워줄 수 있는 것이어야 한다. 이런 목적을 달성할 수 있는 장치로 이 글에서는 발달장애인을 위한 신탁을 활용할 것을 제안하고 있다. 이 글은 발달장애인의 신탁의 구조, 작동방법 등에 대해 구체적인 사례를 들어 설명하고 있다. 동시에 후견제도와 신탁제도가 적절하게 결합한다면, 발달장애인의 행위능력을 제한하지 않으면서도 발달장애인이 지역사회에서 같이 생활하는 데 필요한 장치를 갖출 수 있을 것이라고 주장한다. 이 글은 나아가 근로를 통해 생계를 영위하기가 쉽지 않은 발달장애의 특성을 고려할 때, 발달장애인 신탁은 특별수요신탁으로 발전해야한다는 것을 제안하고 있다. Persons with developmental disabilities need constant support by others for their property management and making contracts, because they have disabilities in decision making ability and are situated in unfavorable social and economic environment. To survive such disadvantageous environment and live in dignity safely and comfortably, they should be provided with various special schemes. Such schemes should not deprive and restrict their legal capacity and exclude them from communities, whereas they are empowered to overcome their drawbacks and disabilities by such schemes, with their wishes and needs fully respected. This paper proposes that trusts for persons with developmental disabilities be introduced for such a purpose. It explains the structure and operation of the trust for persons with developmental disabilities. Moreover, it argues as well that appropriate combination of guardianship and trust can secure the integration of persons with developmental disabilities into communities, without deprivation and restriction of their legal capacity. Finally, this paper suggests that trusts for persons with developmental disabilities should lead to special needs trusts for them because only such a scheme can take into consideration their characteristics that they have difficulties at earning by employment.

매매에서의 위험부담

제철웅(Je, Cheol-Ung) 한국민사법학회 2004 民事法學 Vol.26 No.-

Hier beschäftigt sich der Verfasser mit der Frage, nach welchen Kriterien die Gegenleistungsgefahr beim Kauf verteilt werden sollte. Aus der Untersuchung entstehen die folgenden Ergebnisse. 1. Die Gefahrtragung beim Kauf geht von der synallagmatischen Veknüpfung der Verbindlichkeiten zwischen Verkäufer und Käufer aus. Bei zufälliger Untergang einer verkäuften Sache vor voller Erfüllung trägt also der Verkäufer die Gefahr(§ 537 des koreanischen BGB). 2. Wenn der Käufer aber den Untergang der Sache zu vertreten hat, soll er die Gefahr tragen. Das koreanische BGB regelt ausdrücklich die Fälle: bei der aus dem Käufer(=Gläubiger) zugerechneten Umstände herrührenden Undurchführbarkeit des Vertrags(§ 538 Abs. 1 S. 1) und bei der während des Annahmeverzugs des Käufers ereigneten Undurchführbarkeit des Vertrags, die der Verkäufer nicht zu vertreten hat(§ 538 Abs. 1 S. 2). Unter dem ersten Fall dürfte nach dem Verfasser die ernstliche und endgültige Erfüllungsverweigerung auf Seiten des Käufers oder das Versäumnis der Eintragung beim Grundstückskauf subsumiert werden. 3. Obwohl es an gesetzlicher Vorschrift fehlt, sollte der Käufer auch dann die Gefahr tragen, wenn das Ausbleiben der Verbindlichkeit beim Verkäufer auf dem Käufer beruht und dieselbe Verbindlichkeit also zwischen Verkäufer und Käufer als tatsächlich erfüllt bewertet werden kann: es ist lohnenswert, den Verkäufer in diesem Fall demjenigen im Falle des § 538 Abs. 1 KBGB gleich zu stellen. Deswegen trägt der Käufer nach der Ansicht des Verfassers dann die Gefahr, wenn ihm oder etwa dem Beförder zur Übermittlung an ihm der Verkäufer dem Vertrag gemäß die Sache übergibt, aber das Eigentum an der Sache noch nicht überträgt wird. Dies gilt auch für dem Grundstückskauf. Aber geht die Gefahr beim Grundstückskauf auch dann auf dem Käufer über, wenn er vor der Übergabe als Eigentümer in das Grundbuch eingetragen wird, sofern das Grundstück wegen der aus ihm herrührenden Ümstände noch nicht übergeben wird. 4. Nach dem Verfasser sollte sich die Gefahrtragung beim gesetzlichen Rücktritt wie folgend gestalten: bei zufälligem Untergang oder zufälliger Verschlechtung der zurückzugebenden Sache haftet der Käufer(der Rückgewährschuldner) so lange auf Wertersatz, bis die Gefahr dadurch auf dem Verkäufer(dem Rückgewährgläubiger) zurückkehrt, dass er in Annahmeverzug gerät, gleichgültig ob er rücktrittsberechtigt ist oder nicht. Natürlich wird ihm das Rücktrittsrecht dann entzogen, wenn der zufällige Untergang oder die zufällige Verschlechtung der zurückzugebenden Sache vor Ausübung des Rücktrittsrechts auf seinem Verschulden beruht(§ 553 KBGB). Wenn man dieser Ansicht folgen würde, dürfte man auf das Bemühen verzichten, das Verschulden in § 553 KBGB im nicht technischen Sinne zu begreifen. Aber schlägt der Verfasser vor, de lege ferenda das Vorbild des Art. 2-606 Uniform Commercial Code aufzunehmen.

고령자의 판단능력 쇠퇴를 대비한 미래설계와 새로운 성년후견제도

제철웅 ( Cheol Ung Je ) 한양대학교 법학연구소 2015 법학논총 Vol.32 No.1

Traditional adult guardianship, even in western countries such as Germany and England, had targeted at either preventing persons with mental disabilities engaging in legal transactions for their protection or protecting the property of persons with spendthrift habits, regardless of any reasons, for their family members before reformation of guardianship system began from 1990s. The situation in Korea was not different; namely, family members of persons with dementia and brain injury have applied for the opening of guardianship to protect their relatives`` property for applicants`` own interest. However the use of guardianship has been strikingly rare in comparison of other countries, where more or less 100 persons per 100,000 inhabitants are under guardianship, because less than 10 per 100,000 inhabitants have been estimated to be under guardianship in Korea. It seems because most persons with severe mental or intellectual disabilities have been accommodated in closed facilities remote from local communities, which means that there is little needs to prevent them engaging in legal transactions. Such situations can result in few persons having resorted to the application of guardianship, even though adult guardianship was reformed as of 1st July 2013. Traditional guardianship does not fit the needs of elderly and persons with dementia, because they used to have no problems at decision making before the triggering events of dementia and used to express their antipathy to guardianship because of its targeted purposes. As aging societies in western countries progress, future planning schemes for the time of deterioration of capacity have been popular among elderly and persons with dementia and their families, which resulted in the use of enduring power of attorney, lasting power of attorney and advanced directives to medical treatments. This paper suggests that contractual guardianship and alternatives to guardianship have to be provided for elderly and persons with dementia as future planning schemes, and proposes concrete schemes relevant to them.