고위공직자범죄수사처법 제정과 운영에 관한 연구

정한중 대한변호사협회 2020 人權과 正義 : 大韓辯護士協會誌 Vol. No.

「고위공직자범죄수사처 설치 및 운영에 관한 법률」 (이하 “공수처법”이라고 한다)이 국회를 통과해 2020. 7. 15.부터 시행된다. 수사기관 특히 검찰의 독점적 권력에 대한 견제의 필요성성이 있다는 점에서 공수처의 존재 의의는 있다. 고위공직자는 재직 중 범죄를 저지른 경우에는 퇴임한 후에도 공수처의 수사대상이다. 그 기간에 제한이 없다는 점에서 문제이다. 고위공직자범죄와 관련된 범죄도 수사의 실효성을 확보하고, 수사의 연결성을 보장하기 위하여 수사대상 범죄로 포함하였지만 향후 그 범위에 대하여 논란이 될 것이다. 공범, 필요적 공범, 고위공직자범죄의 본범과 관련하여 범인은닉, 증거인멸, 위증, 무고한 자도 포함된다. 그러나 위증, 무고죄는 제외하여야 한다. 공수처 검사가 고위공직자범죄 수사 과정에서 인지한 그 고위공직자범죄와 직접 관련성이 있는 죄로서 해당 고위공직자가 범한 죄를 규정하고 있는데 이 규정이 특히 논란의 여지가 많다. 직접 관련성이 있는 죄는 관련성이 있는 죄 보다 더 엄격히 해석하여 필요 최소한에 그쳐야 한다. 직접 관련 없는 범죄사실을 인지한 경우에 경찰이나 검찰에 이첩하여 수사하면 되기 때문에 실체적 진실발견에 지장을 초래하지 않을 것이다. 최근 개정된 형사소송법, 검찰청법의 개정 취지가 검사의 직접 수사는 축소하고 경찰에 대한 사법적 통제를 강화하고자 한 취지에 있다는 점에 비추어 보면 공수처 검사가 가진 직접 수사권을 확대해석해서는 아니 된다. 공수처 검사는 고위공직자범죄등에 대한 수사를 수행한다. 따라서 임의수사는 물론 체포, 구속, 압수, 수색 등 강제수사청구권도 가지고 있다. 헌법 제12조 제3항에서 규정한 검사를 반드시 검찰청법의 검사로 한정할 근거는 없기 때문에 강제수사권을 행사하는데 위헌의 소지가 있다는 주장은 타당하지 않다. 처장이나 공수처 검사의 임명 절차는 정치적 중립성을 확보할 수 있도록 규정하였다. 공수처의 범죄수사와 중복되는 다른 수사기관의 범죄수사에 대하여 처장이 수사의 진행 정도 및 공정성 논란 등에 비추어 공수처에서 수사하는 것이 적절하다고 판단하여 이첩을 요청하는 경우 해당 수사기관은 이에 응하여야 한다. 피의자의 인권과 수사의 효율을 위해 중복수사를 방지하고자 이를 규정한 것이다. 공수처의 수사나 운영도 언론과 국민의 대표인 국회의 감시 대상임은 당연하다. 다만 정치권이나 언론의 과도한 개입은 공수처의 정치적 독립성을 위협할 뿐 아니라 국민들의 불신을 불러일으킬 수 있기 때문에 견제와 함께 애정 어린 비판이 필요하다. 또한 공수처가 국민의 신뢰를 바탕으로 공정하게 그 권한을 행사하도록 하기 위해서는 공수처법에 대한 학계나 실무계의 후속 연구도 필요하다. The “Act on the Criminal Investigation Body for High-ranking Officials(Act on the Senior Civil Servant Corruption Investigations Unit)” was passed by the National Assembly and will come into effect on July 15, 2020. The newly embodied unit is significantly meaningful in that the it checks the monopolistic power of the prosecution service. High-ranking government officials are subject to investigation by the Criminal Investigation Body for High-ranking Officials even after retirement if they commit crimes while in office. The problem is that there is no limit to the period. Crimes related to high-ranking officials’ crimes are also included as crimes subject to investigation in order to secure the effectiveness and continuation of the investigation, however it shall remain an issue as to how to define what crimes are related to high-ranking officials’ crimes. Accomplices, necessary accomplices, and those who commits destruction of evidence, perjury and false accusation in regard of Senior civil servants’ crimes will be subject to investigation. However, perjury and false accusation should be excluded from the investigation. If tInvestigation Body starts investigating and later finds out that the investigated senior servant’s crime is not subject to the new act, they can transfer this case to the police or the prosecution service, which will not hinder them from discovering the truth. Considering that the recent revision of the Criminal Procedure Law and the Public Prosecutors’ Office Law is aimed at reducing prosecutors’ direct investigations and strengthening their control over the police, the direct investigation rights of prosecutors (of the Criminal Investigation Body for High-ranking Officials) should not be expanded. The prosecutors (the Criminal Investigation Body for High-ranking Officials) will investigate crimes committed by high-ranking officials. They have the right to carry out compulsory investigations such as arrest, detention, seizure and search, as well as voluntary investigations according to Article 12 section 3 of the Constitution. Therefore the argument that it is unconstitutional for the prosecutor of the new unit to have the right for a compulsory investigation is not valid. Also The procedures for appointing a chief and a prosecutor of the unit are designed to ensure political neutrality. If the chief of the unit decides that it is appropriate for the new unit to investigate the criminal cases that overlaps with other governmental investigation body, considering the progress of the investigation and the controversy over fairness, the investigation body should apply to the request by the chief of the new unit. The new law is designed to prevent overlapping investigation for the human rights of suspects and for the efficiency of investigations. The investigation and management of the Criminal Investigation Body for High-ranking Officials are also subject to surveillance by the media and the National Assembly, which represents the people. However, excessive intervention by politicians and the media not only threatens the independence of the prosecution, but also threatens distrust of the public, so it is necessary to keep a close eye on the situation and criticize them with affection. In addition, follow-up research by academia and the working community on the law is needed to ensure that the Ministry of Public Safety and Security exercises its authority fairly based on the people’s trust.

학교폭력예방 및 대책에 관한 법률의 문제점과 개선방안

정한중 경희대학교 법학연구소 2009 경희법학 Vol.44 No.1

In this study, “Act on the Prevention and Countermeasures against Violence in Schools” was reviewed. It was pointed out that there are many problems with this Act enacted to protect suffered students and to guide and educate wrongdoing students. It is expected that Act on the Prevention and Countermeasures against Violence in Schools will be revised as follows. First, it is necessary to clear arrange the concepts of violence in schools and sexual assaulting stipulated in this Act in accordance with Purpose Specification Principle. Second. actions must be taken not to exclude criminal laws or Juvenile Act in critical and habitual violence in schools by making it clear that this Act is punishment laws for the purpose of education. In article 5 in this Act, the relationship with other laws was made clarified, but it is necessary not to approach criminal laws by committees in self-administration and should be banned in showing that it is terminated by Act on the Countermeasures against Violence in Schools. Third, it is required to exclude prosecutors and policemen in organizing the committee in self-administration. The prosecutors and police officials in charge of investigations in criminal - judical institutes should participate in the self-administration as a committee for the laws of the prevention of and countermeasures against violence in schools, the punishment procedure for education, and the actions for wrongdoing students in accordance with this Act must not be taken as if the case were terminated. Fourth, committees’ active actions for self-administration should be conducted. In addition, it is needed to grand them rights to complain habitual harm-doing students to criminal - juridical institutions by classifying the critical degree of the case. Fifth, it is necessary to protect suffered students and guide and educate wrongdoing students. Furthermore, the review should be made whether transferring to other classes has been conducted without any problem regardless of the school schedule and whether an educational purpose has been achieved in accordance with actions for wrongdoing students. Sixth, it is requited to enhance the regulations for punishments on covering up violence in schools. It is required to keep it a secret, the personal details and misconducts for suffered students and wrongdoing students. However, the violence in schools should not be concealed because of said fact. For the teacher who knew violence in schools but ignored it, it is needed to establish the regulations for punishment so that violence in schools cannot be covered up. In this study, “Act on the Prevention and Countermeasures against Violence in Schools” was reviewed. It was pointed out that there are many problems with this Act enacted to protect suffered students and to guide and educate wrongdoing students. It is expected that Act on the Prevention and Countermeasures against Violence in Schools will be revised as follows. First, it is necessary to clear arrange the concepts of violence in schools and sexual assaulting stipulated in this Act in accordance with Purpose Specification Principle. Second. actions must be taken not to exclude criminal laws or Juvenile Act in critical and habitual violence in schools by making it clear that this Act is punishment laws for the purpose of education. In article 5 in this Act, the relationship with other laws was made clarified, but it is necessary not to approach criminal laws by committees in self-administration and should be banned in showing that it is terminated by Act on the Countermeasures against Violence in Schools. Third, it is required to exclude prosecutors and policemen in organizing the committee in self-administration. The prosecutors and police officials in charge of investigations in criminal - judical institutes should participate in the self-administration as a committee for the laws of the prevention of and countermeasures against violence in schools, the punishment procedure for education, and the actions for wrongdoing students in accordance with this Act must not be taken as if the case were terminated. Fourth, committees’ active actions for self-administration should be conducted. In addition, it is needed to grand them rights to complain habitual harm-doing students to criminal - juridical institutions by classifying the critical degree of the case. Fifth, it is necessary to protect suffered students and guide and educate wrongdoing students. Furthermore, the review should be made whether transferring to other classes has been conducted without any problem regardless of the school schedule and whether an educational purpose has been achieved in accordance with actions for wrongdoing students. Sixth, it is requited to enhance the regulations for punishments on covering up violence in schools. It is required to keep it a secret, the personal details and misconducts for suffered students and wrongdoing students. However, the violence in schools should not be concealed because of said fact. For the teacher who knew violence in schools but ignored it, it is needed to establish the regulations for punishment so that violence in schools cannot be covered up.

형사소송법

정한중 고시계사 2015 考試界 Vol.60 No.9

기록형 형사법

정한중 고시계사 2015 考試界 Vol.60 No.6

형사법

정한중 고시계사 2015 考試界 Vol.60 No.4

재전문증거의 증거능력

정한중 한국외국어대학교 법학연구소 2010 외법논집 Vol.34 No.2

재전문증거란 법정외 진술이라는 전문증거의 문제가 중복되어 발생하는 경우이다. 그런데우리 형사소송법에는 전문증거와 달리 재전문증거에 관하여는 예외규정(제316조 참조)이 없어 재전문증거의 증거능력을 인정할 수 있는가에 대하여 긍정설과 부정설의 대립이 있다. 미국이나 일본과 전문증거에 대한 다른 판례의 태도와 조문구조에 비추어 재전문증거에 대한 우리의 해석도 단순히 미국이나 일본의 해석론을 따를 수 없고, 특히 피고인 아닌 자의 진술에 관하여 피고인의 반대신문을 받을 것을 조건으로 증거능력을 인정하고 있는 개정 형사사송법상 피고인 아닌 자가 법정에 출석하지 않은 경우는 제314조의 예외에 해당하지 않으면 증거능력이 인정되지 않는데 긍정설에 따라 예외적으로 인정된 조서 안에 있는 재전문증거의 증거능력을 인정한다면 제314조의 예외 조건이 무한히 확대될 수 있기 때문이다. 따라서 대상 판결 1에서 판례가 재전문증거의 증거능력을 부정하는 것은 타당하다고 생각되지만 대상 판결 2에서 피고인 아닌 자의 조서에 제3의 원진술이 기재된 부분에 대하여도 피고인 아닌 자의 조서가 증거능력이 있다면 이 조서가 피고인 아닌 자의 법정진술을 대체하는 것으로 해석한 점과 피고인 아닌 자의 법정 내 진술 속에 들어 있는 원진술을 증거로 하는 것이 아니라 그 조서 안에 있는 원진술 부분에 대하여 증거능력을 인정한 것은 오히려 조서와 법정 진술을 동일시한 점에서 부당하다고 할 것이다.

함정수사에 대한 미국의 논의와 한국의 판례 및 학설 비판

정한중 한국비교형사법학회 2013 비교형사법연구 Vol.15 No.1

Entrapment investigation is effective on narcotics crimes and bribery cases. But entrapment investigation may violate the principles of the constitution of USA, Japan and Korea, such as the due process of law principle and the safeguard for human rights principle. Moreover, although the investigative agency owes the duty of crime prevention, it leads a crime. In these respects, investigative agency violates principle of good faith. Such criticism and discussion have been recurred in America. Likewise Japan, Korea has been influenced by USA, on this issue. In Korea, likewise in USA, ‘subjective approach’ and ‘objective approach’ are conflict each other. Despite the opinion that Korea precedents are following the subjectivism is, but Korean precedents still seem to follow the subjectivism. Regardless of the court's stance, entrapment investigation should become illegal : when the person who has been subjected to the entrapment investigation had no criminal predisposition, when the entrapment investigation has sufficient causation that if there were not the entrapment investigation, the criminal defendant could not commit a crime. And when investigative agency uses unfair methods during the entrapment investigation. Furthermore, Korean court should concede the illegality of ‘inducement of criminal intent’, not only in case of the offer is investigative agency but also the offer is related with investigative agency. And relating to the issue, what is the effect of the entrapment investigation according to the criminal procedure law, the scholars of ‘judgement of acquittal theory’ seemed to be confused about the different concepts of ‘judgement of acquittal’ between Korea and USA. The judgement of acquittal theory's scholars criticize that ‘the dismissal of prosecution theory’ is unfavorable for criminal defendants, because according to the theory, the judgement does not have the effect of ‘ne bis in idem’. However, prosecutor can not prosecute again based on the entrapment investigation which had been already decided, unless there was a new entrapment investigation. Therefore, the dismissal of prosecution theory is reasonable to release the defendant swiftly.

국선변호인 제도 확대와 국선변호인의 효과적인 조력을 받을 권리

정한중 대한변호사협회 2016 人權과 正義 : 大韓辯護士協會誌 Vol.- No.460

Our constitution states that, when a suspect is apprehended or confined, the right to assistance by counsel arises immediately, and also the right to counsel by a public defender also applies in a circumstance where there is no attorney by a suspect. Therefore, in order to expand the scope of the right to counsel by a public defender, the subject of rights should include suspects. Since an interrogation of a suspect preceeded without an attorney can be regarded as an infringement of suspect’s the right to counsel by a public defender, this type of interrogation must lose its admissibility according to the exclusionary rule. Furthermore, if an indictment is made accordingly with the excluded evidence and evidences derived from the excluded evidence, it can be said that there is a gross violation of the right to counsel. Thus, the indictment can be dismissed. In order to guarantee the right to counsel by a public defender for either defendants or suspects, it is also required that the process be efficient. The burden of proof regarding the public defender’s malpractice should be shifted to the defendant, and the defendant needs to prove that the insufficient defense by the public defender consequentially made an adverse effect. However, it is difficult to reverse the ruling or dismiss the indictment due to the inefficient counsel by the public defender for suspects as the investigation procedure does no apply the adversary system. For us to have an efficient counsel by public defender, such as the counsel by public defender in the us, it is imperative to secure considerable amount of financial support from the government, and the wage for the public defenders of innocence defense cases and the civic participation in criminal trials needs to be increased. A legal suuport center, in which provides legal aid including the suspects’ public defense, should be established. And, with the entrust of this center, the regional bar association should integrate and manage legal aids programs including counsel by public defender. 우리 헌법은 피의자가 체포되거나 구속되면 ‘즉시’ 변호인의 조력을 받을 권리가 생기고, 사선변호인이 없는 경우, ‘즉시’ 국선변호인의 조력을 받을 권리가 있다고 규정하고 있다. 따라서 국선변호인의 조력을 받을 권리의 양적 확대를 위해 국선변호인의 조력을 받을 권리의 주체는 피의자를 포함하는 것으로 보아야 한다. 체포된 피의자의 국선변호인을 포함한 변호인의 도움을 받을 권리가 침해되어 변호인이 없는 상태에서 작성된 피의자신문은 위법하게 수집한 증거이므로 그 조서나 진술은 증거능력이 없다고 하여야 한다. 나아가 그 조서나 그 조서로 인한 2차 증거 외 다른 증거가 없음에도 공소가 제기되었다면 변호인의 조력을 받을 권리가 중대하게 침해된 상태이므로 공소기각 판결을 선고할 수 있다. 국선변호인의 피의자나 피고인에 대한 조력도 효과적인 조력이 되어야 한다. 국선변호인의 과오에 대한 입증책임을 피고인에게 부담시키고, 불충분한 변호가 결과적으로 공정한 재판을 받을 권리를 침해하여 재판의 결과에 영향을 미쳤다는 점을 피고인이 입증해야 한다. 그러나 수사절차는 당사자주의가 적용되는 절차는 아니므로 피의자 단계에서의 국선변호인의 비효과적인 변호활동을 이유로 유죄판결을 파기하거나 공소기각 판결을 하기는 어렵다. 우리도 미국 등과 같이 국선변호인의 효과적인 조력을 받기 위해서는 현실적으로 국선변호인에 대한 국가의 재정적 지원이 충분히 확보되어야 하고, 무죄 변론 사건, 국민참여 형사재판 사건 등에 대하여 국선변호사 보수 증액이 필요하다. 피의자 국선변호인을 포함한 법률구조 지원 업무를 총괄하는 사법지원센터를 설립하고, 이 사법지원센터의 위임을 받아 각 지방변호사회가 국선변호 등 법률지원 업무를 통합 운영하여야 한다.

법률구조제도의 개선에 관한 연구 - 대한법률구조공단을 중심으로 -

정한중 한국외국어대학교 법학연구소 2019 외법논집 Vol.43 No.1

‘Legal Aid’ refers broadly to a legal advocacy that provides legal assistance, legal representation, advocacy, and support to various legal affairs to those who are economically disadvantaged or unaware of the law and who are not adequately protected by law as it aims at advocating basic human rights and contributing to the promotion of legal welfare. While the legal market is rapidly changing, there are growing concerns that the legal aid system needs to be expanded in order to realize the right to appeal for trials and improve the legal welfare, so as to guarantee the legal access such as public defenders and legal aid in civil cases of the people. In this study, the US, and japanese legal aid system were reviewed, and the research presents key implications to the korean legal aid system since those are analogous to korean legal aid system. After the Global financial crisis, as the US legal aid system has experienced, the number of people who are in need of legal aid, such as north korean defector, migrant workers and multicultural families and etc, are increasing at a rapid pace in Korea. In this situation, the strategies to guarantee judicial access by advanced countries such as the U.S. Judicial Access Committee and Japan’s Judicial Support Center are important references in Korea’s current situation. Whether it is a legal aid by the korea legal aid corporation or korean bar associate, or a public defender in the civil or criminal sector, the legal aid system is an important means to ensure the right of the people to be tried by guaranteeing their access to justice. Korea is spending as much national budget as developed countries, and the welfare budget has been greatly expanded. It is time for us to pay attention to the legal welfare of criminal suspects and other litigants who are in need of legal aid. As there has not yet been much public consensus on such legal welfare in society, with the help from legal experts, the National Assembly, and the government, it is necessary to implement organizational changes so to guarantee the independence of Korea Legal Aid Corporation, and to establish a committee to manage the legal aid overall in the long term. ‘법률구조’란 넓게 보아 기본적 인권을 옹호하고 법률복지의 증진에 이바지함을 목적으로 경제적으 로 어렵거나 법을 잘 모르기 때문에 법의 보호를 충분히 받지 못하는 사람들에게 법률상담, 소송대리, 변호 기타 법률 사무에 관한 모든 지원을 해 주는 사업을 의미한다. 법률시장이 급변하고 있는 반면에 현재 국선변호인과 민사 법률구조 등 가난한 사람들을 포함한 국 민들의 사법접근을 보장하는 등 재판청구권을 실질적으로 구현하고 법률복지를 향상시키기 위하여 법 률구조 제도의 확대 개편이 필요하다는 논의가 확산되고 있다. 현재 우리나라에서 실시하고 있는 제도와 유사한 제도를 운영하고 있는 미국, 일본 법률구조 제도 를 개괄하여 살펴보고 그 시사점을 제시하였다. 계금융위기 후 미국과 같이 현재 우리나라도 탈북자. 이주노동자, 다문화 가정 등 경제적, 문화적 이유로 법률 전문가의 도움이 필요한 사람들은 급격히 증가하고 있다. 이러한 상황에서 시작된 미국의 사법접근위원회, 일본이 사법지원센터 등 선진국의 사법접근권 보장 전략은 우리나라의 현재 상황에 도 매우 긴요하다고 생각한다. 법률구조공단이나 변호사회 등에 의한 법률구조 이든, 민사나 형사 분야의 국선변호이든 법률구조 제도는 사법접근권을 보장하여 국민들의 재판받을 권리를 실현시키는 중요한 수단이다. 우리나라도 선진국이나 다름없이 많은 국가 예산을 사용하고 있고, 복지에 관한 예산도 엄청나게 확대되었다. 이 제 우리도 법률구조가 필요한 상태에 있는 형사 피의자나 각종 소송당사자들에 대한 법률복지 내지 사법복지에 대해 관심을 가질 때가 되었다. 아직 사회적으로도 이러한 법률복지에 대한 국민적 공감대 가 많이 형성된 것은 아니기 때문에 법률복지 확충을 위한 법률전문가들이나 국회, 정부의 노력과 함 께 법률구조공단의 독립성 등 조직의 개선이 필요하고, 장기적으로 법률구조를 통합관리 할 위원회가 설립되어야 한다.

‘효과적인 변호’를 받을 권리 ― 변호인의 성실의무 위반을 중심으로 ―

정한중 서울시립대학교 서울시립대학교 법학연구소 2015 서울법학 Vol.23 No.1

After the US Supreme Court’s decision in Strickland v. United States, the right to assistance of counsel came to mean the right to ‘effective assistance’ of counsel. Thus, the right to counsel currently has a meaning that goes beyond mere declaration that a government institution should not interfere when a criminal suspect or a defendant appoints his/her counsel: now, it is widely agreed that the right incorporates the ‘right to valid and effective assistance,’ to guarantee meaningful opportunities to acquire assistance of a legal counsel. In addition, in the United States, deficient pleading is often cited as a ground for overturning a conviction. And the governments (the federal government and state governments) bear the obligation to guarantee meaningfully effective defence. In addition, various state courts have reversed convictions based on violation of this obligation. Korean courts need to take a similar approach with regard to malpractice of criminal counsel by, depending on the type or degree of malpractice at issue, reversing the original conviction and return the case to the original court so that the defendant may be tried by a new jury or judge with the assistance of a new counsel, or dismissing the indictment altogether. Specification of the types and effects of malpractice would have to wait for further researches in the academia, as well as amendments of the Criminal Procedure Act and changes in the courts’ position in the matter. Thus, the guarantee of the right to‘effective assistance’hinges not only on the competence of the individual lawyers, but also on the government’s efforts to fulfill its obligations with regard to the criminal defense system. The Constitution of the Republic of Korea also provides for the right to assistance of counsel as one of the fundamental rights. We need to see to it that this right is guaranteed in a meaningful way. To achieve this goal, it is imperative to expand the scope of public defense to all stages of criminal procedure, including the pre-indictment stage, while providing institutional/financial support to ensure the good quality of the assistance provided. 미국 연방대법원은 스트릭랜드 사건(Strickland v. United States) 이후, 변호인의 도움을 받을 권리는 ‘효과적인 도움을 받을 권리’라고 한다. 즉 단순하게 형사피의자나 피고인이 변호인을 선임하는 것을 국가기관이 방해해서는 아니 된다는 의미에 그치는 것이 아니라, 변호인의 도움을 받을 기회를 실질적으로 보장하는 ‘유효하고 효과적인 변호를 받을 권리’로 보는 것이 당연시되었다. 또한 미국에서는 불성한 변론으로 효과적인 변호를 받을 권리가 침해된 경우, 유죄판결을 파기하였고 효과적인 변호를 실질적으로 보장하기 위한 국가(연방, 주 정부)의 책무를 지우고 있다. 또한 주 법원 판결에서는 이러한 의무의 위반을 이유로 유죄판결을 파기하기도 하였다. 우리도 불성한 변론으로 인한 형사변호인의 변호과오의 경우에 그 유형이나 정도에 따라 원심판결을 파기하여 새로운 변호인의 도움 아래 새로운 사실인정권자인 배심원 내지 법관의 재판을 받을 권리를 보장하도록 원심에 환송하거나 공소기각 판결을 선고하여야 할 것이다. 구체적 변호과오의 유형과 그 효과에 대하여는 앞으로 학계의 연구가 필요하고, 형사소송법의 개정이나 판례의 변경이 있어야 할 것이다. 이와 같은 ‘효과적인 변호’의 보장은 단순히 변호인 개개인의 변호능력 문제뿐만 아니라, 「형사변호제도」에 대한 국가적 의무와 노력을 요하는 것이기도 하다. 우리나라에서도 헌법상의 기본권인 변호인의 조력을 받을 권리를 실질적으로 보장하여 한다. 이를 위하여 형사절차 모든 단계, 특히 피의자 단계에서도 국선변호를 전면 확대하여야 하고 또 수준 높은 변호, 양질의 변호를 보장하기 위한 국가의 제도적, 재정적 지원이 필요하다.