사이버소유권에 관한 연구

정진명(Jin-Myung Chung) 한국비교사법학회 2005 比較私法 Vol.12 No.3

The thought regarded cyberspace as a regional place is overspread these days. According to this trend, it appears the legal system on the real space has been applied to cyberspace analogically. Trespass to chattels in America is the representative legal theory for this. This theory was a type of the law of tort which had been applied to the property of real estate. But an inviolability which had been for real estate has become to be applied to cyberspace, as the applying extension of cyberspace has been expanded, and the point on real estate itself constantly has been disappeared. This has produced the result that is regarded the website in cyberspace as the object of possession, which has been issued for giving the right of property in cyberspace. In this article, the changing process of American case and criticism on Trespass to chattels was considered. Redemption for the right of material and the possibility of applying for the law of illegal behavior, was considered on this basis. Finally, the arrangement for the concept of property in cyberspace as an alternative right which could be applied for cyberspace was tried.

아파트 분양광고로 인한 손해배상의 근거 및 그 판단기준- 허위ㆍ과장광고를 중심으로 -

정진명(Chung, Jin-Myung) 한국재산법학회 2019 재산법연구 Vol.36 No.1

우리나라의 아파트 분양계약은 ‘선분양․후시공’ 방식을 취하고 있다. 즉 수분양자는 분양사업자가 제공한 분양안내 카탈로그나 모델하우스 등 분양광고만 보고 아파트 분양 계약을 체결한다. 그 결과 분양사업자의 허위ㆍ과장광고로부터 수분양자를 보호할 필요성이 제기되었다. 대법원은 아파트 분양광고가 분양계약의 내용으로 편입되는지의 여부를 수분양자 보호의 판단기준으로 삼고 있다. 대법원은 아파트 분양광고는 분양사업자의 수분양자에 대한 청약의 유인으로서 분양광고가 곧바로 아파트 분양계약의 내용이 된다고 볼 수 없다고 한다. 그럼에도 불구하고 대법원은 분양사업자와 수분양자가 분양광고를 아파트 분양계약의 일부로 인정하기로 하는 명시적 또는 묵시적 합의가 있는 것으로 이론구성 한다. 그리고 분양광고가 아파트 분양계약의 내용으로 편입되지 않는 경우에도 분양광고가 허위․과장광고에 해당하거나 신의칙상 고지의무를 이행하지 않는 때에는 수분양자는 이를 이유로 분양사업자에게 손해배상을 청구할 수 있다고 한다. 그러나 대법원은 아파트 분양광고에서 무엇이 신의칙상 고지의무에 해당하는지, 어떤 경우에 분양광고가 허위․과장광고에 해당하는지, 그리고 분양광고가 표시광고법상의 부당한 표시ㆍ광고와 어떤 관계에 있는지에 대하여 명확한 판단기준을 제시하고 있지 못하다. 따라서 이 연구는 아파트 분양계약에 있어 분양사업자의 허위ㆍ과장광고로 인한 수분 양자의 피해를 구제하기 위한 손해배상의 근거 및 그 판단기준을 제시하는 것을 목표로 한다. 즉 분양사업자가 계약상의 지위에서 부담하는 정보제공의무의 정당성 근거와 정보 제공 기준, 그리고 정보제공의무 위반의 법률효과를 살펴보았다. 또한 분양사업자의 정보 제공의무 위반에 따른 책임과 별도로 표시광고법 위반에 따른 손해배상책임의 판단기준 및 손해산정 방법에 대하여도 검토해 보았다. The contract for the sale of apartments in Korea is based on the pre-sale and ‘post construction’ method. In other words, the buyer concludes a contract to sell apartments by relying only on the sale advertisement catalogs and model houses provided by the selling company. As a result, there was a need to protect the buyer from the false advertising of the selling company. The Supreme Court considers whether the apartment sale advertisements is incorporated into the contents of an apartment sale contract as a criterion for the protection of buyers. The Supreme Court ruled that the apartment sale advertisement is an invitation to bargain to the buyer of the sale business, and the apartment sale advertisement can not be regarded as the contents of the apartment sale contract immediately. Nevertheless, the Supreme Court theorizes that there is an explicit or implied consensus that the selling company and the buyer should acknowledge the sale advertising as part of the apartment sale contract. In addition, if the apartment sale advertisement is not incorporated into the contents of the apartment sale contract, if the apartment sale advertisement is false or exaggerated advertising, or does not fulfill the obligation notified according to the principle of good faith, the buyer can claim damages from the selling company. The Supreme Court, however, is concerned with what constitutes an obligation under the principle of good faith on apartment sale advertisements, in which case the apartment sale advertisement corresponds to false and exaggerated advertising, and how the apartment sale advertisement relates to the illegal display and advertising prescribed in the Advertising Act. But it does not provide a clear criterion. Therefore, this study tries to present practical judgment criteria to relieve the buyer s damage caused by false or exaggerated advertisement of the selling company. In order to do this, This paper will first review the requirements and criteria for the apartment sale advertisements to be incorporated into apartment sales contracts. Based on this, it suggests that the criterion of the claimant s right to claim damages in the contract status and the criterion in case the apartment sale advertisement should not be incorporated into the contents of the apartment sale contract. Finally, this study examines the legal theory and its applied standard that can protect the buyer from the false or exaggerated advertising of the selling company.

인공지능의 표시에 대한 고찰

정진명(Chung, Jin-Myung) 한국비교사법학회 2019 비교사법 Vol.26 No.1

오늘날 ‘Siri’와 ‘Alexa’ 같은 가상 비서는 사람의 행위를 대신하고 음성으로 명령하는 것을 도와준다. 인공지능의 기반이 되는 이러한 자동시스템 내지 자율시스템은 사전에 설정된 조건에 따라 특정 업무를 처리하며, 경우에 따라서는 사전에 설정된 조건을 넘어 운용자를 위한 결정을 한다. 따라서 민사법 측면에서 자동시스템 내지 자율시스템에 의하여 생성되고 표명된 표시를 법적으로 어떻게 취급할 것인지의 여부 및 이러한 표시는 어떤 경우에 운용자에게 귀속될 것인지가 문제된다. 사법상 의사표시 원칙은 자동시스템 내지 자율시스템이 사전에 설정된 조건에 따라 발생시킨 결과를 그 운용자가 예측할 수 없는 경우에 적용의 한계에 직면한다. 이 경우 의사표시 원칙을 포기하지 않으면서 인공지능 표시를 사법상의 여러 제도로 해결할 수 있는지가 문제된다. 즉 전통적인 의사표시 원칙은 비인간적 행위자의 행동을 적절하게 포섭하는데 한계가 있으므로 인공지능 표시를 의사표시로 볼 수 있는지의 여부가 문제된다. 또한 인공지능 표시를 의사표시의 구성요건에 따라 의사표시로 보는 경우에도 인공지능 표시의 효력을 그 운용자에게 귀속시킬 수 있는지가 문제된다. 이하에서는 인공지능 표시가 사법상의 의사표시 원칙에 대해서 어떠한 충돌을 야기하며, 그 해결방안은 무엇인지에 대해서 검토하였다. 이를 위해서 인공지능의 개념 및 그 특성도 검토하였다. Today, virtual assistants such as "Siri" and "Alexa" help people to substitute and command the voice. These automatic systems and autonomous systems, which are the basis of artificial intelligence, process specific office work according to pre-set conditions, and in some cases, make decisions for the operator beyond pre-set conditions. Therefore, in terms of civil law, whether or not to legally handle the indications created and expressed by automatic systems and autonomous systems, how these indications will be attributed to the operator and what cases will belong to the operator is a problem. The statutory principle of declaration faces with the limitations of application in cases where the operator can not predict the outcome of an automatic system or an autonomous system generated under pre-set conditions. In this case, it is a matter of whether the artificial intelligence expression can be solved by various systems of the civil law without giving up the principle of declaration. In other words, the traditional principles of declaration have limitations in appropriately incorporating the behavior of inhuman agents, so whether or not the artificial intelligence expression can be seen as a declaration is a problem. Also, even if the artificial intelligence expression is viewed as a declaration according to the principle of requirements of the declaration, it is a matter of whether or not the effect of artificial intelligence expression can be attributed to the operator. In the following, This study will examine what kind of conflicts the artificial intelligence expression has on the principles of declaration in the civil law and what the solution is. The concept and characteristics of artificial intelligence will be discussed first.

다단계판매의 개념 및 판단기준에 대한 고찰

정진명(Chung, Jin-Myung) 한국재산법학회 2010 재산법연구 Vol.27 No.2

Door-to-door sales etc Act (DDSA) which stipulates door-to-door sales, phone soliciting sales, multi-level marketing (MLM), continuous transaction, and business soliciting transaction was fully revised in 2002. The current DDSA defines as follows; (1) to join membership of the salesperson at multiple levels (requiring at least three levels of salesperson) (2) the second level of salesperson has to be a consumer who buy a good from the first level of salesperson (3) whether salesperson can get retail profits or induce about it. According to this definition, it can be considered as providing of economic advantage (retail profit and support allowance) to salesperson for their sales and recruitment activities. Also, the supreme court stated that people were induced to become salesperson through a share of retail profits and support allowance for product sale and the recruitment of salespersons and this same process was cumulatively repeated over three or more levels, even if the payment of support allowance was not affected by the sales quantities of lower-level salesperson not directly under oneself. However, the illegal MLM companies have not generated their profit from normal business activities. The company has not focused on the consumers who have an experience to use their goods to recruit salesperson. If the company is able to adjust its processing the recruitment of salesperson, it does ot belong to MLM. Accordingly, it can csose unfair results that those illegal MLM companies can not be regulated or punished for its illegitimated MLM activities. It is the key reason that the definitionnnnnnLM is relatively unclear in current DDSA, because the most controversial part nnnDDSA Article 2, Nn.5 is 'retail profit' and 'the consumers nnnfinms (a), in whole or in part'. So, it is necessary to make it complete to regulate effectively. This study aims to inquire into several problems of the MLM regulations in Korean DDSA and to find the amendment of the definition of MLM in DDSA.

채권자지체의 개정론

정진명(Chung, Jin-Myung) 한국민사법학회 2021 民事法學 Vol.95 No.-

우리 민법의 채권자지체 제도는 채권자에게 급부를 수령할 의무를 인정하지 않으며,또한 채권자지체의 성립에 채권자의 귀책사유를 요구하지 않는다. 특히 우리 민법은 채무자가 이행한 급부를 채권자가 수령하지 아니한 경우, 예컨대 물건의 인도채무에서 채무자가 물건을 변제제공하였으나 채권자가 이를 수령하지 아니한 경우에 초점을 맞추어 채권자지체를 규정하고 있다. 따라서 채권자지체에 대한 논의는 채권자의 협력의무 인정 여부 및 채권자지체의 법적 성질을 어떻게 파악할 것인지에 집중되어 있다. 특히 채권자지체의 본질을 어떻게 파악할 것인지의 문제와 반대급부의 위험부담 문제는 입법적 해결이 필요하다는 견해도 제시되었다. 법무부는 2009년 국제적 동향과 변화된 거래 현실을 반영하기 위하여 ｢민법개정위원회｣를 구성하여 재산법 분야에 대한 심도있는 연구와 검토를 하였으나 채권자지체는 현행 규정을 유지하는 것으로 결정하였다. 채권자지체의 법적 성격에 대한 논란을 극복하고 법적 규범의 내적 갈등을 해소하기 위해서는 채권자의 협력의무 인정 여부, 귀책사유 필요 여부, 변제제공과의 관계에 대한 검토가 필요하다. 그리고 채권자지체의 본질을 검토하기 위해서는 우리 민법의 채권자지체 제도의 형성에 직간접적으로 영향을 준 독일과 일본의 채권자지체에 대한 논의를 검토할 필요가 있다. 이 글은 주요 국가 및 국제협약에 대한 비교법적 검토를 통해 채권자지체의 요건 및 효과에 대한 민법개정이 필요한지의 여부를 검토하고, 만일 민법개정이 필요하다고 인정되는 경우에 어떠한 내용을 어떻게 개정하는 것이 필요한지에 대하여 검토하였다. 이를 위해 우리 민법의 입법자들이 채권자지체를 입안함에 있어 참고하였던 독일민법 및 일본민법에 대한 논의를 심층적으로 검토하고, 입법적 대안으로 독일민법과 같은 수령의무와 수취의무라는 이중적 책임체계를 제안하였다. The creditor delay system of Korean Civil Law does not recognize the obligation to receive by the creditor and does not require the creditor s negligence for the establishment of the creditor delay. In particular, the Korean Civil Act stipulates focusing on cases where the creditor does not receive the repayment provided by the debtor for the creditor delay, or when the debtor provides the goods from the delivery debt of the goods, but the creditor does not take over. However, various interpretations of the creditor delay have been proposed as the obligation to receive is not recognized by the buyer or contractor in frequent sale or contract in reality. The discussion on creditor delay is focused on whether or not the creditors obligation to cooperate and how to grasp the legal nature of the creditor delay. Therefore, in order to overcome the controversy over the legal nature of the creditor delay system and to resolve the internal conflict of legal norms, the relationship between the recognition of the obligation to cooperate, the provision of negligence, and the provision of reimbursements was examined. In order to investigate the legal nature of the creditor delay system, the discussion on creditor delay in Germany and Japan, which directly or indirectly influenced the formation of the creditor delay system in Korea, was examined. Most of the modern countries stipulate the system of creditor delay by law. Through a comparative legal review, we will examine whether a civil law amendment is necessary for the requirements of the creditor delay, and if it is deemed necessary to amend the civil law, what content is desirable and how to amend it. Lastly, the legislators of the Korean Civil Law followed the attitude of the German Civil Law in devising the system of the creditors delay, and thus considered a dual responsibility system such as the German Civil Law as a legislative alternative.

사정변경 원칙의 명문화 방안

정진명(Chung, Jin-Myung) 한국비교사법학회 2011 비교사법 Vol.18 No.3

The principle of the change of circumstance change is a legal principle that permits the change of contract or rescission in the case that the circumstance of contract has been changed unexpectedly, and contents of original contract for both parties are so improper. The principle of circumstance change is being discussed as an applied case of new principle but is not regulated in the statement yet. But both legislative theory and precedent has sanctioned the principle of circumstance change for a long time, differentiating each contents. The amended bill of civil law of 2004 suggested the establishment of the article §544-4 that permits the change or rescission, taking the opinions establishing the principle of circumstance change. But there are many negative opinions about the article §544-4. Therefore, in the case of establishment of the principle of circumstance change, there are many problems to be solved. First, what requisites are needed for the principle of circumstance change has to be prepared. Secondly, what legislative effects will be occurred are expected. Thirdly, how legislative effects will be execute has to be solved. In this paper, first of all, legislative tendencies concerned with the principle of circumstance change are surveyed and then whether the principle of circumstance change being established in an article of civil law is appropriate or not, is considered. This paper also considers the problem that which contents and way are adopted is appropriate.

디지털정보거래의 계약법적 규율과 그 한계

정진명 ( Jin Myung Chung ) 단국대학교 법학연구소 2008 법학논총 Vol.32 No.1

Digital information that is new product of info-communication technology is continuously producing, using, and dealing mass quality of information, which is different from traditional trade object such as property or service, so the necessity of trade of its using is increasing. But digital information has improper elements to regulate with traditional property law and the legal system to regulate it is insufficient because the new artificial product as digital information has not yet been conceptualized. Therefore, the problems about what legal structure to regulate the trade of digital information is proper and how it should be constructed has been issued. Digital information should have the quality of tangible property and be discerned and be possible for exclusive right to be dealt with for private property. But digital information has difficult aspects to win possessive rights because it is not easy to be discerned and costs for discernment. Therefore, in the trade of digital information, the possessive right for digital information is not transferred but the selective using right of it is granted. This grant is called ``licence``, but it is not established what duty and right are constructed for ``licence``. For digital information, the protect by intellectual property right is more useful than the protect by a real estate right. But intellectual property right has the quality of semi real estate right for non-tangible property right rather than contract law. Therefore the necessity for legal regulation to regulate contract relationship of the trade of digital information still exists. Thus the approach with contract law about the trade of digital information makes clear legal problems having issued with the concept of diverse meaning, and makes it be better understood digital information through the analysis about the benefit which is the object of contract. In this paper, the meaning and characteristics of digital information and contract mechanism occurred in the real trade are searched. And on this basis, trading structure of digital information and its legal feature are examined and the solution for contract law concerned with it are tried to suggest.

배달앱서비스 이용자보호 방안

정진명(Chung, Jin-Myung),남재원(Nam, Jae-Won) 한국소비자원 2015 消費者問題硏究 Vol.46 No.2

사법상의 철회에 관한 연구

정진명(Chung Jin-Myung) 한국재산법학회 2009 재산법연구 Vol.26 No.1

Our civil law and private special law approve the various kinds of revocation in order that an intender gets out of the restriction of legal acts or the effects of legal acts already occurred can be solved. Legal articles name it cancellation or recession but the meaning of some regulations is revocation in its legal characteristics, and other regulations should be regarded as revocation. Like this, our civil law and private special law stipulate revocation in sporadic variety. So the concrete legal effects of the use of revocation can not be found and the function of revocation is partly different. Therefore, revocation stipulated in our civil law and private special law raises several questions. Firstly, revocation can be questioned whether it makes intended expression not occurred yet cancelled or the one already occurred cancelled. It has the important meaning in the conceptive definition of revocation, the legal effect by the use of revocation right, and differentiation it from other similar systems. Secondly, if an intender withdraws his or her intended expression, what object of revocation and what legal situation of its are questioned. The former is concerned with the one whether its object is already intended expression itself or legal effects of intended expression, which becomes the basis of judgement on legal characteristics and function of revocation. The latter is concerned with the one whether, in the case of approval of revocation right, intended expression or legal act is not come into existence, or the situation of legal act is valid or nullified though legal act is already effected, which has an important meaning in the use of revocation and its legal construction. Thirdly, our civil law and private special law have various regulations permitting or negating revocation, whose basis and standard are questioned. The application of revocation should be limited because there is tension between revocation and the principle that is "contract must be kept". But private special law of these days expands and applies the revocation system to protect consumers and, in this case, there is difficulty in the united grasp the basis of legal theory and revocation in civil law. This paper investigates the revelation feature of legal revocation and its characteristics, and tries to draw the legal concept of revocation through the comparison with the systems of other law. Especially, it examines the benefits of legal doctrine that the system of revocation has and the disposal of revocation that has a substantial meaning. Lastly, it examines the using requisite of revocation right being revealed in the various legal systems and its effects.

플랫폼을 이용한 전자거래의 법률문제 : 플랫폼사업자의 책임을 중심으로

정진명(Chung Jin Myung) 한국비교사법학회 2017 비교사법 Vol.24 No.4

최근 플랫폼을 이용하여 통신판매나 전재상거 래를 중개하거나 알선하는 자의 역할과 책임이 주목받고 있다. 그 이유는 플랫폼이 판매자와 구매자간에 판매장소만 제공하는 판매중개자로서의 역할을 넘어 거래 전반에 관여하는 경우가 늘어나고 있기 때문이다. 그러나 플랫폼사업자는 플랫폼만 제공한다는 이유로 판매자와 구매자간의 거래와 관련하여 발생하는 손해에대해서는 책임을 지지 않는다. 플랫폼은 거래구조상 신규 진입이 용이하므로 자본이나 신용이 약한 판매자도 거래에 참여할 수 있으며, 또한 거래의 비대면성으로 얀하여 판매자가 거래에서 요구되는 거래규범이나법률의 준수를 소홀히 하기 쉽다. 반면 구매자얀 소비자는 거래의 상대방을 특정하기 어렵고, 상대방이 특정된다고 하더라도 그 상대방에게 거래상 발생한 손해에 대한 책임을 묻기 어렵다. 따라서 플랫폼사업자도 거래의 관여 정도에 따라 일정한 의무와 책임을 져야 한다는 주장이 제기되고 있다. 플랫폼거래는 일반 거래와 달리 다수의 당사자가 거래에 참여하는 특성을 가지고 있고, 이들 당사자는 플랫폼거래의 직접 당사자가 아니므로 계약당사자에게 부과되는 민사책임을 적용하기가 쉽지 않다. 여기서 ‘플랫폼’은 공유경제가 가지는 특성의 하나로서, 플랫폼사업자에대한 법적 책임은 ‘공공재의 관리자’ 엽장에서 논의되어야 할 필요가 있다 따라서 이 연구에서는플랫폼의 거래구조및 플랫폼사엽자의 법적 지위를검토한다음, 플랫폼사엽자의 민사법적 책임을 검토해 보았다. Recently, the roles and responsibilities of intermediaries or mediators in mail-order sales or e-commerce transactions have attracted attention. This is because the platform is increasingly involved in the overall transaction, rather than acting as a sales intermediary between sellers and buyers. However, the platform provider is not responsible for any damages arising out of or in connection with the transactions between the seller and the buyer because of the platform only. Because the platform is easy to enter the new structure through the transaction structure, sellers with weak capital or credit can participate in the transaction. Also, due to the non-face-to-face of the transaction, the seller is likely to neglect to comply with the transaction rules or laws required in the transaction. On the other hand, a consumer who is a purchaser is difficult to specify the other party of a transaction, and even if the other party is specified, it is difficult to ask the other party to take responsibility for the transactional damages. Therefore, it is argued that platform provider should assume certain duties and responsibilities according to the degree of involvement of transactions. Platform transactions, unlike general transactions, have the characteristic that many parties participate in transactions, and these parties are not direct parties of platform transactions, so it is not easy to apply civil liability to contract parties. Here, ‘platform’ is one of the characteristics of the shared economy, and legal liability to the platform provider needs to be discussed from the viewpoint of ‘manager of public goods’. Therefore, in this study, we examined the platform structure and the legal status of platform providers, and then examined the civil liability of platform providers.