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스포츠 심리학 : 수행지식의 요약 횟수가 개방기술의 수행과 학습에 미치는 영향
정상택(SangTackChung),김귀봉(GuiBongKim) 한국체육학회 1997 한국체육학회지 Vol.36 No.4
수행지식의 요약 횟수에 따른 습득단계에서의 수행점수와 파지단계에서의 점수를 분석하여 수행과 학습의 변화과정 및 수행지식의 효과를 검증하는 데 본 연구의 목적을 두었다. 피험자는 대학에서 교양체육을 수강하는 36명의 남학생으로 테니스에 사전 경험이 없는 오른손잡이 학생들로 구성된 자원봉사자들이었다. 이들은 각각 3회 요약 수행지식, 6회 요약 수행지식, 그리고 9회 요약 수행지식 집단에 무작위로 할당되었다. 본 연구를 수행하기 위해 사용된 과제는 볼 투척기에서 던져진 볼을 포핸드 스트로크로 반대편 코트의 정해진 목표점을 향하여 대각선으로 치는 것이었다. 종속변수는 목표지점에서 발생한 오차거리와 방향을 고려한 가변오차, 반경오차, 절대오차 및 방향각이었다. 실험설계는 요약 수행지식의 횟수(3회, 6회, 9회)와 연습분단(4분단)을 독립변인으로 하는 반복측정 분산 분석을 하였다. 실험 1은 서로 다른 수행지식 요약 횟수가 개방기술의 수행과 학습에 어떠한 영향을 미치는가를 분석하고 또한 최적의 요약 수행지식 횟수 및 방법을 찾고자 하였다. 실험 2는 운동학습에서 실제 교수 상황을 고려하여 연습 시행과 피드백이 지속되는 상황에서 시행 분단간의 시간적 간격을 24시간으로 하고 5일간 연습을 병행한 수행지식의 요약 횟수가 운동기술의 수행과 학습에 어떠한 영향을 미치는가를 규명하고자 하였다. 본 연구의 결과는 테니스 포핸드 스트로크의 수행과 학습에는 수행지식의 요약 수가 적은 3회 요약 수행지식 집단이 6회나 9회 요약 수행지식 집단보다 절대오차와 반경오차를 줄이는 데 더 효과적이었다. 연습을 병행한 테니스 포핸드 스트로크에서도 3회 요약 수행지식 집단이 6회나 9회 요약 수행지식 집단보다 절대오차와 반경오차를 줄이는 데 더 효과적이었다.
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스포츠심리학 : 인지적 요소를 포함한 운동이 아동의 IQ 발달에 미치는 영향
정상택(SangTackChung) 한국체육학회 2002 한국체육학회지 Vol.41 No.2
A review of the research examining intellectual performance indicates that a generally positive relationship between motor functioning and intellectual performance exists. However, many of these studies have only investigated the relationship between various physical fitness variables and intellectual performance. That is, most of the research conducted so far has examined strictly physical motor tasks (e.g., aerobic activities such as running) as correlates to intellectual performance, but has yet to delineate the relationship between cognitive motor tasks and intelligence. In addition, several researchers have noted powerful positive effects of cognitive motor task training in tasks involving motor skill performance, cognitive functioning, and intellectual performance. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to investigate how cognitive motor tasks influence the left and right hemisphere intelligence of young children (five to seven years old). Sixty (male=30, female=30) preschool children whose ages ranged from 5 to 7 years participated in this experiment. Thirty children were randomly assigned to one of two experimental conditions: (1) cognitive motor task group and (2) a control condition. Tasks used for this study were 55 cognitive motor tasks as such as mirror drawing, card sorting, finger tracing, balancing on a log, inserting a pin into a bottle, pulling fish, positioning Lego pieces, and more. The K-ABC was again administered upon the completion of the 3-month experiment. The results of this study indicated that the cognitive motor task group showed a significant increase in simultaneous processing score (right hemisphere intelligence) than the control condition. These results will be discussed in context of recent
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스포츠심리학 : 자기통제피드백이 골프 퍼팅 수행에 미치는 영향
문두환(DooHwanMoon),정상택(SangTackChung),김진구(JinGuKim) 한국체육학회 2003 한국체육학회지 Vol.42 No.3
The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of self-controlled feedback on the performance and learning of a golf putting task. Thirty-six high school student (36 females) whose ages range from 16 to 18 years (M = 17.9) participated in this experiment. The participants were randomly assigned to one of three experimental conditions: (1) self-controlled group(n=12), (2) yoked group(n=12), (3) control group(n=12). Subjects performed 40 acquisition trials followed by 20 retention trials. ANOVAs with repeated measures were performed on the various dependent variables; absolute error(AE), variable error(VE), directional error(DE), and radial error(RE). The results of this investigation revealed significant main effects for Groups and Times on the absolute error(AE), variable error(VE), and radial error(RE) in the acquisition phase. Participants in the self-controlled performance feedback condition performed significantly better than the other groups in the radial error(RE). Analysis suggests that a feedback schedule which is controlled by the learner may be a more effective means of delivering augmented feedback than other schedules which have been examined.
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스포츠심리학 : 시각적 심상을 통한 운동학습 방해 요소 통제
전현정(HyeonJeongJeon),김진구(JinGuKim),정상택(SangTackChung) 한국체육학회 2005 한국체육학회지 Vol.44 No.1
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of visual imagery on the control of visual and auditory distractors. Forty-five subjects who had not experienced in golf-putting participated in this experiment. Their ages ranged from 18 to 28, with a mean age of 22.3 and they were randomly assigned to one of three conditions: (1) control group(n=15), (2) auditory distraction group(n=15), (3) visual distraction group(n=15). Nova-strobe(U.S.A) was used to provide subjects for visual distraction. A cassette was used to provide subjects for auditory distraction(noise of 86dB). The visual imagery group watched a videotape that contained golf-putting stroke demonstrations without any verbal description. A golf-putting test was administered to all subjects. An indoor mini-golf set was used. Target consisted of a 1.5m x 1.5m square grid with lines drawn lengthwise and crosswise at 5cm intervals. Subjects performed 40 acquisition trials followed by 20 retention trials. The results of this investigation revealed significant main effects for group and times on the absolute error(AE), adjusted variable error(AVE), and radial error(RE) in the acquisition as well as retention phases. Subjects in the visual distraction group performed significantly better than control group. Visual distraction group seemed to be better than the auditory distraction group.
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스포츠심리학 : 선택적 주의과제에서 시각자극 난이도에 따른 뇌파변화
이정희(JungHeeLee),김진구(JinGuKim),정상택(SangTackChung),김성운(SungWoonKim),이인희(RenXiLi) 한국체육학회 2005 한국체육학회지 Vol.44 No.6
The purpose of this study was to examine the P300 by gradually increasing the visual stimulus and the subject identification degrees to find out the reaction changes inside the information processing part of the brain. Subjects consisted of 14 University students, whose ages ranged from 21 to 26 with an average age of 21.5. The subjects were ordered to divide five circles into 3(task3), 4(task4), 5(task5), 6(task6) and 7(task7) parts. After dividing, subjects were shown an image of one of the previously divided circles and then asked to react the presented images match from one of the five circles laid out before then. Results were analyzed based on the average ranges of Fz, Cz, Pz, O1 and O2. Results showed that correct responses to magnetic pole identification in task3 was higher than task7. P300 latencies of subjects were also higher in task3 than task4, task5 and task6. Comparison of amplitude and latency ranges revealed that Fz, Cz, and Pz had high amplitude but long latencies, while O1 and O2 had low amplitude but short latencies. In addition, standard stimulus showed a higher amplitude and longer latency than target stimulus, which showed low amplitude and short latency. In conclusion, P300 may be associated with task identification and decision making. Higher amplitudes suggest that the brain needed more cognitive effort which may have resulted in the delay of the actual condition. This study may help in understanding the relationship between the degrees of identification and the brain's cognitive process in brain neurophysiology.
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