眺望權의 成立與否

전경운(Kyoung-Un Chun) 한국비교사법학회 2005 比較私法 Vol.12 No.2

The cases on the prospect right is becoming a social issue in Korea. The position of the lower courts are divided: some admit the concept of the prospect right, the others do not. The Supreme Court requires some conditions for the protection of prospect right. No Korea statutes mention the prospect right, the concept of which is still the subject of academic debates. Four theories try to justify the concept of the prospect right, none of which provides with satisfactory grounds. Those theories find the ground for the prospect right in the property right in the real property, person's right, environmental right, or business goodwill. In this article, I argue that the violation of the prospect right is the passive violation of the property right. However, the concept of the passive violation of the property right can be admitted only when construction laws have special provisions. Therefore, Korea has a very weak legal ground for the admission of the concept of the prospect right, which makes the concept of the prospect right premature in Korean courts.

환경오염피해구제를 위한 민사법제의 개선방안 및 대안모색

전경운 ( Kyoung Un Chun ) 한국환경법학회 2014 환경법연구 Vol.36 No.1

ⅰ) Just a thought of the phenol leakage accident of Doosan Electronic Corporation occurred in 1991, the hydrofluoric acid release accident occurred in Gumi in 2014, the accident of oil leakage in Yeosu in 2014, the explosion accident at a chemical factory reported recently, etc. gives us a good lesson that just one industrial facility can cause an enormous environmental pollution accident. Hence, now is the proper time to legislate an environmental responsibility act which recognize an strict liability as a method of improving the environmental pollution damage compensation in Korea. ⅱ) The civil law revised recently confirmed a meaningful revision concerning the use of the injunction about environmental pollution. It confirmed the revision of Article 217 of the Civil Law which makes clear the injunction and also confirmed a new stipulation for the request for the right to injunction, and if the request for the right to injunction is legislated, it seems that the basis stipulation for the right to injunction will be two. ⅲ) Concerning the request for damage compensation due to environmental pollution, judicial precedents of Korea take probability, but there are difficulties with the confirmation of offenders and the establishment of the relationship of cause and effect. Moreover, there is a limitation on the compensation to the victim if the offender is not able to compensate for damage and because there is no clear stipulation concerning the compensation for ecological damage. Therefore, an environmental responsibility act should be legislated which recognizes an strict liability concerning the compensation for environmental pollution damage. ⅳ) When the environmental responsibility act is enacted, the strict responsibility based on the facility responsibility, the written exemption stipulation about unavoidable events, the stipulation about the relief of establishment of causal relationships and the right to request for information, the responsibility insurance system for the performance of damage compensation, etc. should be adopted. However, regarding an unaccountable reason, the damage due to non-existence of reason, there should be a careful consideration in legislation for any compensation that should be made by the nation. ⅴ) When legislating the environmental responsibility law, there should not be an attempt to solve all problems at a time, but the matters that are sufficiently considered by referring to the environmental responsibility law of Germany, etc. should be included in the legislation and others should be included in the law after sufficient consideration later.

생명공학의 위험성에 대한 적절한 규율

전경운 ( Kyoung Un Chun ) 한국환경법학회 2004 환경법연구 Vol.26 No.1

Dieser Aufsatz befaβ sich snit dringenden rechtlichen Aufgaben, wie sich Gentechnologie heutzutage hierzulunde voranschreiten lassen, welche Gefahrenfaktoren damit entstenhen ko¨nnen und was das Recht im voraus zu leisten hat, tun gegen eventuelle Risiken Vorkehrungen zu treffen. Die Gentechnik als Teil der Biotechnologie hat international in den letzten Jab-en zunehmend an Bedeutung gewonnen. Ein wesentliches Merkmal der Gentechnik ist, da? mit der Gentechnik die Erbinfonnation gezielt vera¨ndert werden kann bzw, Erbinfortnationen gezielt miteinunder neu kombiniert werden ko¨nnen. Hierdurch unterscheidet sich die Gentechnik von Methode der Reproduktionstnedizin der U¨bertragung von Erbmaterial wie z. B. dem Transfer von Chromosonen oder der Verschrnelzung von vollsta¨ndigen Chromosomensa¨tzen durch Zellfusion. Bei diesen Methoden werden ungezielt alle Gene einer Zelle auf eine undere u¨bertragen. Die Entwicklung der Gentechnik war seit ihrer Einfu¨hrung von einer Risikodiskussion begleidet. Besonders auf dieser Konferenz -bekannt geworden als Asilornar Konferenz im 1975 - wurde das Gesundheitsgefa¨hrdungspotential, das mit rekombinanten Organismen verbunden ist, bewertet und vorgeschlagen, abgestufte Sicherheitsmaβhrnen bei der Durchfu¨hrung gentechnischer Experimente einzuhalten. Durch die jahrelange Diskussion in der BRD urn die Gefahren der Gentechnologie, am 1. Juli 1990 ist das Gesetz zur Regelung von Fragen der Gentechnik(Gentechnikgesetz -GenTG) vom 20. Juni 1990(BGB1. I S. 1080) in Kraft getreten. Zweck des GenTG ist es, Leben und Gesundheit von Menschen sowie die sonstige Umwelt in ihrern Wirkurgsgefu¨ge und Sachgu¨ter vor mo¨glichen Gefahren gentechnischer Verfahren und Produkte zu schu¨tzen und dem Entstehen solcher Gefahren vorzubeugen. Das GenTG regelt auch in den §§32-37 eine verschuldensunabha¨ngige, auf die im Zusarnmenhang rnit der Gentechnischen Vera¨nderung von Organismen auftretenden Risiken zugeschnittene Gefa¨hrdungshaftung. Durch die jahrelange Diskussion in der BRD u¨ber die Gefahren der menschlichen Reproduktionsmedizin, am 1. Januar 1991 ist das Gesetz zurn Schutz von Ernbry-onen(Embryonenschutzgesetz -ESchG) vom 13. Dezember 1990(BGB1. I S. 2746) in Kraft getreten. Dieses Gesetz reagiert auf die neuen Mo¨glichkeiten der Fortpflanzungsmedizin und der Humangentechnik, die mit ihrem medizinischen Zukunft zugleich auch bischer ungekannte Mi?rauch ero¨ffnet haben. Anfang des Jahr 2000 wurde in Montreal nach fu¨nfjahrigen Verhundlungen das Protokoll u¨ber die biologische Sicherheit als Zusatzprotokoll zur Biodiversityverabschiedet. In Korea wurde in den Feb. 2001 entsprechende Vorschriften erlassen. Aber Korea braucht jetzt das Gesetz zur Regelung von die Gefahren der Gentechnologie und die Gefahren der menschlichen Reproduktionsmedizin festzusetzen.

환경소송에서 인과관계의 입증에 관한 소고

전경운 ( Kyoung Un Chun ) 한국환경법학회 2010 환경법연구 Vol.32 No.2

i) One of the most difficult things to deal with is to prove the causality between a harmful act and the damage incurred due to environmental pollution. There should exist the rational causality between such harmful act and the damage occurred in order to bring a damage suit on the ground of tort if appropriate. The degree of proof shall be able to make the court assured and convinced in the process of demonstrating that causality. But there is too much hardship in victim`s demonstrating the aforesaid causality to such a degree that the court can be assured. ii) For the proof of the causality in the environmental lawsuit, the high level of knowledge of nature science is required. Usually, the victims are in lack of such special knowledge, and without sufficient financial background to seek a specialist`s support. In addition, public investigation agencies are not fully established to provide them with the relevant service and, generally, the offender`s cooperation in the procedure shall not be expected to obtain. So there`s need for arranging more protective measures for victims, which has developed a variety of theories for easing each proof burden of causality, including the theory of probability. iii) The probability theory doesn`t require scientifically strict proof of causality in the environmental lawsuit where only the proof of considerable degree of probability will be enough between the infringement and damage and the offender can deny the existence of such causality only through successful disproof. Our courts had not recognized the theory of probability in the early environmental lawsuits, but the Supreme Court has stood firm since it accepted that theory in 1974. iv) The article for the presumption of causality was prescribed in the German Environmental Liability Act, excluding its application to the offender, only for the purpose of relaxing victim`s difficulty in demonstrating the causality. v) When the environmental liability act in korea is enacted in the future, it is more rational and appropriate to promulgate the theory of probability recognized by the judicial precedents rather than the article for the presumption of causality.

해양유류오염사고피해에 대한 손해배상의 법적 문제 -허베이 스피리트호 기름유출사고를 중심으로-

전경운 ( Kyoung Un Chun ) 한국환경법학회 2008 환경법연구 Vol.30 No.2

ⅰ) In December 7. 2007, off the coast of Taean Korea, a crane barge of Samsung Heavy Industries Co., a nation`s heavy equipment manufacturer, has collided with a Hong Kong-registered oil tanker ``Hebei Spirit`` and an enormous quantity of oil spilled over. About 300 kilometers of the seashore, including the coast of Taean, have been polluted and about forty thousand families have been damaged economically. According to ``Hebei Spirit Oil Spill Report`` of IOPC(International Oil Pollution Compensation Fund), damage is estimated at 352-billion to 425-billion won. On the other hand, given the fact that victims maintain that damage counts up to trillions of won, there may be a keen controversy on the question of who will pay compensation over IOPC`s maximum compensation, 303-billion won. ⅱ) Hereupon, the legal responsibilities of the owner of Hebei Spirit and Samsung Heavy Industries Co. were reviewed in this study. With regard to the owner of Hebei Spirit, ``non-fault responsibility`` should be applied on conformity with ``Compensation for Oil Pollution Damage Act`` and the amount of compensation is detailedly stipulated in the law. However, the problem is that the legal responsibility of Samsung Heavy Industries Co. is not simple. There is a strong possibility that the company will refer to ``limited liability`` in accordance with Article 746 of ``Commercial Act.`` ⅲ) As at least ten thousand tons of oil spilled due to allision and the sea was polluted, victims are able to put in a claim for ``obstacle removal`` or ``obstacle prevention`` against those who caused oil spill. Since spilled oil was mostly removed by the government, victims and devoted volunteers, such expenses can be included in compensation on conformity with Article 746 of Commercial Act and Article 2 of Compensation for Oil Pollution Damage Act. Moreover, in respect to residual oil, victims can put in a claim for obstacle removal or obstacle prevention. In case that those who caused oil spill personally remove oil due to such claims, their acts may not be included in limited liability on the commercial law. ⅳ) In exercising the claim for damages, the causal relation between the harmful act and damage should be legally proved. The national court is expected to be of advantage to victims as it bases itself on probability. Specifically, the causal relationship between oil spill and damage is expected to be satisfactorily proved by probability. The problem is that compensation is difficult to be subtended. In other words, this is left the question of whether damages caused by mental anguish, unlicensed fishing, layoff, the price decrease of aquatic products, and the decrease of tourists can be compensated for. In such a case, victims should prove what they have been damaged. In order to do so, victims should collect supporting evidences and should preserve such evidences scrupulously.

기술적 표준의 법적 성질과 제정원칙 -독일에서의 논의를 중심으로-

전경운 ( Kyoung Un Chun ) 한국환경법학회 2005 환경법연구 Vol.27 No.2

LMO 피해자 보호를 위한 현행 책임법상의 한계와 책임법제정의 필요성

전경운 ( Kyoung Un Chun ) 한국환경법학회 2011 환경법연구 Vol.33 No.3

Biotechnology is helpful for human beings, but at the same time is likely to be harmful to them and environments. Accordingly, it needs to enact laws for indemnifying for living modified organisms (LMO)-related damage to human beings and environments. In this regard, ``Nagoya-Kuala Lumpur Supplementary on Liability and Redress to the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafty`` has been established in October 2010 in order to execute the article 27 of ``Cartagena Protocol on Biosafty.`` The protocol stipulates that the countries directly involved in LMO should enact domestic laws regarding damage caused by LMO in order that the civil responsibility may be assumed for it. The domestic laws should be applied within laws in force or should be newly enacted. In South Korea, Article 750 of Civil Code may be applied to environmental damaged caused by LMO. However, there is a limit as to what the article protects the victims of environmental damages caused by LMO inasmuch as it is based on the principles of fault liability. Article 31 of Framework Act on Environmental Policy stipulates strict liability of business places, but is not focused on LMO-related damages. Strict liability, stipulated in Article 3 of Product Liability Act, may be applied to cases where products including MLO harm the benefit and protection of the law. However, there is a limit as to what it protects victims due to the plea of developmental risks. In the case of Germany`s Biotechnology Act, strict liability is applied to damages caused by MLO. Hereat, there needs to refer to it in enacting the relevant law.

기술법의 발전에 있어서 기술적 표준의 법적 의미

전경운 ( Kyoung Un Chun ) 한국환경법학회 2005 환경법연구 Vol.27 No.3

Die moderne Industriegesellschaft hat durch enorme technische Entwicklungen und die dadurch ermoglichte rapide Steigerung der Produktivitat die wirtschaftlichen Grundlagen der Gegenwart geschaffen. Die spezialisierten und ausdifferenzierten Techniken, die vor allem die moderne Naturwissenschaft bietet, erleichtern zwar dem Menschen, viele Probleme schnell zu bewaltigen und damit sein Leben bequemer zu gestalten. Aber es ist sicher nicht zu ubersehen, daß diese Techniken andererseits zunehmend die menschliche Existenz gefahrden konnen. Daraus erwachst dem Staat die Aufgabe, rechtliche Regelungen bereitzustellen, deren Beachtung die erforderliche Sicherheit im Umgang mit der Technik gewahrleistet. Diesem Ziel dienen die Vorschriften des Technikrechts. Das Recht der technischen Sicherheit umfaßt die Gesamtheit der Gsetze, Rechtverordnungen und Ver- waltungsvorschriften, deren primarer Zweck der Schutz vor den Gefahren ist, die der Gebrauch der Technik erzeugt. Typische Regelungeninstrumente des Technikrechts sind etwa das praventive Verbot mit Erlaubnisvorbehalt, die Uberprufung von Anlagen, Maschinen durch technische Uberwachung, die Erteilung von Auflagen, die Typen-genehmigung und das repressive Verbot. Mit den Regelungen der Gefahrenabwehr und-vorsorge will das Technikrecht die erforderliche Sicherheit und damit den notwendigen Rechtsguterschutz beim Umgang mit der Technik gewahrleisten. Aber die rechtliche Regelung kann nicht auf die Gefahrenabwehr und -vorsorge aller technischen Risiken geregelt sein. Ein in starren sicherheitstechnischen Detailvorschriften festgeschriebener wissenschaftlich-technischer Erkenntnisstand ware meistens schon nach kurzer Zeit uberholt. Die Gesetze und Rechtsverordnugen mußten standig novelliert und der fortgeschrittenen Entwicklung angepaßt werden, was gewiß kein befriedigender Rechtszusatand ware. Zahlreiche technische Normung werden durch den Verband Deutscher Elektro- techniker(VDE), den Verein Deutscher Ingeniere(VDI), das Deutcher Verein des Gas- und Wasserfaches(DVGW), das Deutsches Institut fur Normung(DIN) festsetzt. Außer den oben genannten Verbanden und Vereinen gibt es in Deutschland gegenwartig ca. 150 Verbande, die technische Normen festsezten und offentlich bekannt machen. Unter diesen Verbanden spielt das DIN die zentrale Rolle. Technische Normung sind keine Rechtsnorm. Als private Vereine konnen die Normungsverbande nicht allgemeinverbindliches Recht setzen. Das Rechtsetzungsmonopol liegt nach dem Verfassungsrecht beim Staat. Rechtsetzungsmacht wachst den Normenorganisationen auch nicht dadurch zu, daß Gesetze oder Rechtsverordnungen auf technische Noremen verweisen. Ebensowenig werden hierdurch die in Bezug genommenen technischen Regeln in den Rang von Rechtsnormen erhoben. Starkere rechtliche Bedeutung konnen technische Normen erlangen, wenn sie von Rechtsnorm im Wege der Verweisung in Bezug genommen werden. Von dieser Moglichkeit macht das Umweltrecht und Technikrecht im deutschen Recht haufig Gebrauch. Allerdings ergeben sich dabei verfassungsrechtliche Probleme. Denn durch die Verweisung wird der Inhalt der von privaten Organisationen aufgestellten Regeln in die normative Regelung rezipiert und nimmt an der rechtlichen Geltung der verweisenden Rechtsnorm teil.

환경침해로 인한 피해배상시 공익사업의 공익성고려 방안

전경운 ( Kyoung Un Chun ) 한국환경법학회 2012 환경법연구 Vol.34 No.1

The Ways for Public Interest Considerations of Public Services At the Time of Compensating Damages Due to Environmental Infringement Kyoung Un, Chun ⅰ) In the compensation of damages due to highway noise, airfield noise and railroad noise, there seems to be no methods of limiting the amount of compensation for damages directly by reflecting the public interest of these services according to the existing law. ⅱ) However, unlike the case of patience duty in the decision of illegality, as the infringement due to conventionnal usage of land has no illegality, the claim of compensation for damages must be denied while only the preventive measures that can be economically and technically anticipated or the regulative compensation claim can be accepted. ⅲ) If the duty of patience are determined in the decision of illegality above, the claim of compensation for damages must be denied and only the regulative compensation claim can be accepted as the highway noise, airfield noise and railroad noise do not have illegality as a conventionnal usage of land in result. ⅳ) The regulative compensation claim is not a justifiable compensation by special sacrifice but a suitable(adequate) compensation. As the regulative compensation is the one to relieve the burden through the content regulation of property rights by additional arbitration and to strive for the constitutional stabilization of property rights, the full compensation is unnecessary even if compensated because the extent of being ensure the adequacy and proportionality of minimum property right details would be sufficient. ⅴ) Accordingly, it would be said that an effect of amount of compensation for damages being limited could be gained using an indirect method on the environmental infringement due to public services such as highway noise, airfield noise and railroad noise.

민법상 공유하천용수권에 관한 약간의 고찰

전경운 ( Chun Kyoung Un ),강태수 ( Kang Tae Soo ) 한국환경법학회 2018 환경법연구 Vol.40 No.2

The right of using public rivers is the right for persons engaged in farming and industries on the banks of public rivers to be able to draw water from the public river and the right to install structures for such use. The right of using public rivers is a customary right that has been acknowledged for a long time and the right to use public rivers was legislated in the Civil Act as it was accept in court cases of the High Court of Joseon. The legal character of the right to using public rivers is servitude (to be more exact, statutory servitude). The conditions for establishing such right of using public rivers and its effectiveness have become significantly concretized through court cases over the time. It cannot be said to be a dead system that lacks practicality and has played a big role for issues on the use and distribution of water that is essential for running farms mainly focusing on rice farming. However, through the farm production infrastructure rearrangement project conducted through the Rearrangement of Agricultural and Fishing Villages Act, 81.3% of all rice paddies in Korea have become irrigated rice paddies that can withstand droughts. Furthermore, due to the decreased in farmland with the transition of farmland to other purposes and because of development of underground water, the right of using public rivers has been losing meaning and is a right that is becoming extinct. However, as water management recently became unified under the Ministry of Environment, it aim at integrating the right of using public rivers under the Civil Act and the permitted water rights of the River Act, dam usage rights, etc. in order to place it under a single permitted water rights of the Public Law. Furthermore, it intends to collect water usage fees in the long-term. Accordingly, this paper reviewed in detail the history of the right of using public rivers in the Civil Act, its legal characteristics, and on the contents and effects of the right of using public rivers. In addition, the general issues and constitutional issues that would occur by abolishing the right of using public rivers under the Civil Act and integrating it under the permitted water rights of the River Act were reviewed. In order to abolish the right of using public rivers, it would require special care unless turning our society into a social economic system that does not require such rights.