석독구결(釋讀口訣)의 관형구성(冠形構成) ‘-□□/□’과 ‘-□□/릿’의 문법사적(文法史的) 해석(解析)

장윤희(張允熙) ( Jang¸ Yoon-hee ) 한국어문교육연구회 2021 어문연구(語文硏究) Vol.49 No.1

지금까지 석독구결에는 용언 활용형으로 명사구를 수식하는 관형구성으로 ‘-□/ㄴ’, ‘-□/ㅭ’과 ‘-□□/□’, ‘-□□/릿’ 두 가지 구성이 있다고 알려져 있었다. 그러나 지금까지 관형사형 어미라고 보았던 ‘- □’, ‘-□’은 동명사 어미이다. ‘-□’, ‘-□’ 동명사는 후행 명사구와 대등한 명사구를 만들어 명사구 연속 구성을 이룬다. 이때 ‘-□’, ‘-□’ 동명사는 후행 명사의 내용을 담고 있는 대등 명사구를 만든다. ‘-□’, ‘-□’에 의한 명사구가 후행 명사구를 ‘수식’하기 위한 관형구성이 ‘-(□)□□/□’, ‘-□□/릿’이다. 이들은 의존명사를 포함한 구성과 같은 의미를 표시한다. 따라서 이들은 동명사 어미, 의존명사, 속격조사의 결합형이다. 이때 의존명사가 더해지는 현상은 속격이 요구하는 명사성을 더하기 위해서이거나 ‘所’ 등이 있는 한문 원문의 석독문의 영향일 가능성이 있다. ‘-□’, ‘-□’ 동명사 구성은 형태적으로, ‘-□□/□’, ‘-□□/릿’ 관형구성은 구문 구조적으로 중세한국어 ‘…□ NP, …□ NP’의 관형절로 이어졌다. 동명사 어미의 쇠퇴로 재분석된 관형사형 어미 ‘-ㄴ’, ‘-ㅭ’에 의해 명사구 수식 구성인 ‘-□□/□’, ‘-□□/릿’은 소멸되었다. So far, there have been two types of verbal adnominal form, ‘-□/n’, ‘-□/l□’, ‘-□□/nΛs’, and ‘-□□/lis’ were known to be. However, ‘-□/n’ and ‘-□/l□’ which have been perceived as the adnominal endings until now, are gerunds. ‘-□/n’ and ‘-□/l□’ are made up of consecutive(parallel) noun phrases by making noun phrases that are in apposition with the noun phrases in the later. This appositional noun phrases which composed by gerund ending of ‘-□/n’ or ‘-□/l□’ contain the content of the noun phrase in the later. ‘-□□/nΛs’, and ‘-□□/lis’ are the adnomial composition for modifying the later noun phrase by the noun phrases which made by the gerund ending of ‘-□/n’ or ‘-□/l□’. They represent the meaning equivalent to the composition including the dependent noun. Therefore, these are also a combination of gerund endings, dependent nouns, and genus investigations. At this time, the phenomenon of adding dependent nouns may be due to the addition of Noun Properties required by the genitive, or the influence of the result of reading in Korean sentence the original Chinese text which has ‘所’. The Middle Korean adnominal clauses of ‘…hΛn NP, …hΛl NP’ are the later forms from ‘-□/n’, ‘-□/l□’ for appearance and ‘- □□/nΛs’, ‘-□□/lis’ for syntactic structure. The adnominal compositions of ‘- □□/nΛs’, ‘-□□/lit’ were disappeared by the reanalyzed adnominal endings of ‘-ㄴ/n’ and ‘-ㅭ/l□’ due to the decline of the gerund endings.

고대국어 연결어미 '-遣'과 그 변화

장윤희(Jang Yoon-hee) 구결학회 2005 구결연구 Vol.14 No.-

고대국어 자료의 ‘-遣’은 “계기성, 동시성, 전제” 등의 폭넓은 의미 영역을 표시하던 연결어미 ‘-<SUP>*</SUP>겨’를 표기한 것이다. 이를 ‘-고’로 읽은 것은 조선 후기에 의미를 중시하여 붙인 독법이다. 연결어미 ‘-遣(<SUP>*</SUP>겨)’는 기원적으로 선어말어미와 동명사어미의 통합체인 ‘-ナㄱ’이 하나의 연결어미 ‘-<SUP>*</SUP>견’으로 굳어진 후 ‘-<SUP>*</SUP>견 > -<SUP>*</SUP>겨’의 변화 과정을 통해서 나타난 것이다. ‘-遣(<SUP>*</SUP>겨)’가 통합한 절 연결의 용례는 13세기말 이후의 이두 자료에서도 생산적으로 나타나는 반면, 구 연결의 용례인 ‘-遣(只)賜-’는 ‘-去有-’로 변화하여 나타나는데 이는 ‘-<SUP>*</SUP>겨 > -거’의 통시적 단모음화의 결과이다. 이러한 구 연결의 ‘-遣(<SUP>*</SUP>겨)’는 후기 중세국어의 ‘-거시-’(< -거#시-)의 ‘-거’에 화석형으로 남아 있다. '-遣' in the materials of old Korean language is the trans-cription of the conjunctive ending '-<SUP>*</SUP>gyeo' which represented the meaning of "succession, simultaneity, premise of statement". In the later part of Choseon(朝鮮) dynasty, it's pronunciation was fixed as '-go', because people of that period could not understand this ending and it's meaning is most similar to another conjunctive ending '-go'(and). Conjunctive ending '-<SUP>*</SUP>gyeo' was a result of diachronic change; gyeo(prefinal ending) + -n(final ending) > <SUP>*</SUP>gyeon(final ending) > <SUP>*</SUP>gyeo. '-遣(<SUP>*</SUP>gyeo)' which was used for clausal conjunction can often be found in the Idu(吏讀) materials after the late 13th century. On the other hand, '-遣(<SUP>*</SUP>gyeo)' which was used for phrasal conjunction can scarcely be found in the materials of that period. As a result of diachronic monophthongization(yeo > eo), '-遣(<SUP>*</SUP>gyeo)' changed into '-geo' after 14th century, and remained as linguistic fossil in Middle Korean '-geosi-'.

문법사 대계 기술의 선결 문제와 기술의 실제

장윤희(Jang, Yoon-hee) 국어국문학회 2018 국어국문학 Vol.0 No.184

대계의 기술을 위해서는 우선 그것이 개론적인 성격의 것인지, 연구서적인 성격의 것인지를 결정해야 한다. 이에 따라 기술 내용과 방식이 달라지기 때문이다. 이 가운데 개론서적인 대계가 현실적이다. 과거의 대계류 업적들을 검토하여 정한 현재의 내용 체계는 완벽하지 않다. 우선 ‘후치사의 변화’는 현재의 문법 체계와 연구 경향과 거리가 있으므로 ‘조사의 변화’로 수정되어야 한다. ‘서법’의 개념을 고려할 때, ‘서법의 변화’는 양태를 표시하는 문법 범주로서의 ‘서법의 변화’와 ‘문장종결법의 변화’로 나누어져야 한다. 또한 ‘접속법의 변화’는 ‘문장 구조의 변화’에서 다루어져야 하고, ‘구문의 유형과 변화’가 내용 항목으로 더해져야 하며, ‘시제의 변화’는 ‘시제와 상의변화’로 수정해야 한다. “문법 범주의 변화”를 다루는 하위 항목의 제목은 범주명으로 붙여져야 한다. 문장종결법을 기술하기 위해서는 먼저 문장의 유형 분류를 확정해야 한다. 독자를 고려할 때 문장 유형의 명칭은 학교문법의 용어를 따르는 것이 좋다. 이렇게 확정한 각각의 문장종결법별로 어떠한 통시적 변화를 보이는지 기술해야 한다. 타당하고 유용한 대계의 기술을 위해 이러한 논의는 지속적으로 이루어질 필요가 있다. In order to describe a series of grammatical history, we have to decide whether it is the one of introductory book or the one of in-depth research book. This is because the contents and method of description are determined accordingly. Of these two, a series of grammatical history which has nature of introductory book is realistic. The present composition of contents, which is determined by examining past achievements, is not perfect. Most of all, ‘change of postposition’ should be modified, because ‘postposition’ is far from the current grammar system and research trend. Considering the concept of mood, we can find that ‘change of mood’ should be divided into ‘change of mood’(‘mood’ means the grammatical category which express modality in it.) and ‘change of method of sentence ending’. ‘change of methods of sentential conjunction’ should be treated in ‘change of sentence structure’, ‘patterns of sentence constructions and its change’, ‘change of tense’ should be modified into ‘change of tense and aspect’. And the tittle of subitems in ‘change of grammatical category’ should be named using category name. For the description of ‘methods of sentence ending’, we must confirm the classification of sentence types in first place. Considering the reader’s position, we need to use school grammar terms. The diachronic change of each of these confirmed sentence types items must be explained. A plausible and useful description of a series of grammatical history, discussions of this nature need to be continued.

포장 특성이 우수한 고품질 복합내병충성 벼 품종 ‘드리미3호’ 육성

장윤희(Yoon-Hee Jang),박재령(Jae-Ryoung Park),김은경(Eun-Gyeong Kim),손재근(Jae-Keun Sohn),이강섭(Gang-Seob Lee),김경민(Kyung-Min Kim) 한국육종학회 2022 한국육종학회지 Vol.54 No.4

Rice is one of the most important food crops in the world, but brown planthopper (BPH, Nilaparvata lugens stal) causes a significant loss of rice yield. Due to climate change, different races of rice-damaging species are evolving at an accelerated pace, thus, creating a need to breed multi-resistant rice cultivars for a stable food supply. In 2001, “Samgang” and “Nagdong” were crossed at the Plant Molecular Breeding Laboratory of the Department of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School, Kyungpook National University, Daegu Korea. “Drimi3ho” is a resistant and high-quality rice cultivar that was bred by backcrossing a line having excellent agronomic traits with “Ilmi.” The heading date of “Drimi3ho” was August 12 (104 d after sowing), and it was a medium-maturing cultivar that matured 3 d earlier than “Ilmi” (August 15, 107 d after sowing). Its culm length was 81 cm, panicle length was 18 cm, panicle number per hill was 16, spikelet number per panicle was 113, ripened grain ratio was 93.2%, and 1,000-grain weight was 24.3 g. “Drimi3ho” was highly resistant to blast disease and bacterial blight (K1, K2, and K3), rice stripe virus, rice dwarf virus, rice black-streaked dwarf virus, and BPH. When “Drimi3ho” was milled, the milled grain was clear and transparent; moreover, the grains were semi-round and short-type. Moreover, “Drimi3ho” had lower protein and amylose content and tasted better than “Ilmi.” When “Drimi3ho” was grown on an ordinary plantation in the southern mountainous area, the yield was 563 kg/10a (Registration No. 5621).

국어생활사의 관점에서 본 문학 작품의 가치

장윤희(Jang Yoon-Hee) 국어국문학회 2005 국어국문학 Vol.- No.141

The history of Korean Language Life is a new field of study in which we deal with the change of Korean Language activities over times. It consists of a few subordinate fields: the history of the Korean Language use, the history of Korean Language education, the history of Korean Language policy, and the history of the thought about Korean Language. Each of these fields has it's own specific domain and materials for study. Hence we need to analyse literary works from the viewpoint of the history of Korean Language Life. Literary works are not only the constituents of the history of Korean Language Life as they are, but also reflect how Korean Language was used at that time.

국어사 지식과 고전문학 교육의 상관성

장윤희 ( Yoon Hee Jang ) 한국어교육학회 2002 국어교육 Vol.- No.108

현대국어 ‘르-말음(末音)’ 용언(用言)의 형태사(形態史)

장윤희 ( Jang Yoon Hee ) 한국어문교육연구회 2002 어문연구(語文硏究) Vol.30 No.2

현대국어의 ‘르-末音’ 用言에는 音韻變化에 의한 것과 語幹 再分析에 의해 再構造化한 것들이 있다. 어간 재구조화를 경험한 용언 대부분은, 有聲 喉頭摩擦音 //의 소멸 및 국어에서 보편적이지 않은 음절의 보편적 음절로의 실현 현상, 그리고 활용형에 대한 語幹 再分析 과정을 포함한 ‘X오/X우->X르-’의 語幹 再構造化를 경험한 것이다. 특히 ‘머므르-, 어우르-’ 등과 같이 기존에 ‘ㄹ-末音’ 用言에서 재구조화한 것으로 알려진 ‘르-말음’ 용언들은 대부분 이러한 어간 재구조화를 통해 형성된 것이다. 현대국어의 ‘르-말음’ 용언들은 대부분 ‘르’ 不規則活用을 보이는데 이는 이전의 ‘르’ 불규칙활용형이 이어진 것은 물론, //의 소멸로 인한 형태소 경계에서의 ‘ㄹㅇ>ㄹㄹ’의 변화, ‘X오/X우->X르-’의 語幹 再構造化 등을 경험한 것들이 포함된다. 또한 ‘러’ 不規則活用은 물론 規則活用을 보이는 경우도 발견된다. The verbs that have stem-final ‘ri’(‘ri-final verbs’) of the Modern Korean are the results of both phonological changes and restructuring due to reanalysis of verb-stem. Most of ‘ri-final verb-stems’ that had undergone verb-stem restructuring are the results of ‘Xo/Xu->Xri-’ restructuring that contains the disappearance of /h/(voiced laryngeal fricative), the phenomenon of getting syllabic universality, and reanalysis of the verb-stem. Especially, most of the ‘ri-final verbs’ that are known to have undergone ‘Xl->Xri-' restructuring such as ‘m□miri-(留), □uri-(竝)’, are in fact the results of this restructuring. Most of the ‘ri-final verbs’ in Modern Korean show ‘ri-irregular conjugation’. Among these verbs, some are descendents of the verbs showing the same conjugation of the past, others are the result of the ‘lh>lr’ change in the morpheme boundary, and the others are the result of ‘Xo/Xu->Xri-’ restructuring in verb-stem. In addition, a few ‘ri-final verbs’ of the Modern Korean show ‘r□- irregular or regular conjugation’.

중세한국어(中世韓國語) ‘-츠-’ 부류(部類) 강세접미사(强勢接尾辭) 파생(派生)의 형태론(形態論)

장윤희 ( Jang Yoon-hee ) 한국어문교육연구회 2018 어문연구(語文硏究) Vol.46 No.3

지금까지 강세접미사 ‘-치-’에 의한 파생어로 다루어진 ‘거느리치-, 거리치-’ 등은 ‘쥐치-’와 마찬가지로 동사 어간(語幹)들끼리 결합한 합성동사이다. 지금까지 강세접미사로 다루어졌던 ‘-ㅅ-’은 존재하지 않았던 형태이고, ‘-웇-’, ‘-우치-’는 합성동사의 어근(語根)이며, ‘-으취-’, ‘-우취-’ 역시 접미사가 아니다. 또한 ‘머믈-’에서 파생된 ‘머믓’을 통해서 이 접미사가 ‘-읓-’이 아닌 ‘-ㅊ-’임을 알 수 있다. 중세어에서 ‘-□-’에 의한 파생어는 찾기 어렵다. 따라서 중세어의 ‘-츠-’ 부류 접미사에는 ‘-츠-’와 ‘-ㅊ-’만이 존재했다. 강세접미사 ‘-츠-’는 언어 화석(化石)을 재분석한 것으로, 여전히 그 정체를 알기 어려운 어형이었다. 모호한 ‘-츠-’를 회피하고자 한 결과 접미사 ‘-ㅊ-’의 재분석과 근대어의 ‘-츠- > -□-’ 변화가 나타났다. 근대어에서 중세어의 ‘-츠-’ 부류 강세접미사에 의한 파생어 중 일부는 ‘-□-’에 의한 파생어로 남고, 일부는 더 일반적인 강세접미사 ‘-치-’(< -티-)에 의한 파생어로 대체되었다. For an in-depth morphological study of middle Korean emphatic suffixes, it is necessary to cleary distinguish emphatic derivative and compound words, and to confirm allomorph list of emphatic suffix through precise analysis of linguistic forms. These problems are most evident in middle Korean derivation by the ‘-chi-’ suffix group. ‘Geoneurichi(거느리치)-’, ‘georichi(거 리치)-’, which until now have been treated as middle Korean emphatic derivative, were actually compound words as like ‘jwichi(쥐치)-’ which was formed by the combination of two verb stems. The form of ‘-s(ㅅ)-’, ‘-uch (웇)-’, ‘-uchi(우치)-’, ‘-euchwi(으취)-’, ‘-uchwi(우취)-’ which have been treated as emphatic suffixes, were truly not suffixes; ‘-s(ㅅ)-’ did not exit in reality, ‘-uch(웇)-’ and ‘-uchi(우치)-’ were roots in compound word, and ‘-euchwi(으취)-’, ‘-uchwi(우취)-’ were not suffixes too. And by the derivational form of ‘meomeus(머믓)-’ which was derived from ‘meomeul(머믈)-’, we can understand the exact form of the suffix was ‘-ch(ㅊ)-’ not ‘-euch(읓)-’. Meanwhile, the suffix form of ‘-ch_Λ(□)-’ is not found in middle Korean. Eventually, among the ‘-cheu(츠)-’ suffix group, the suffixes that actually existed are ‘-cheu(츠)-’ and ‘-ch(ㅊ)-’. Although the ‘-cheu(츠)-’ was the emphatic suffix which formed by reanalysis of linguistic fossil, it was still vague linguistic form at middle Korean period. As a result of avoiding the vagueness of ‘-cheu(츠)-’, the suffix ‘-ch(ㅊ)-’ was formed through reanalysis process of ‘-cheu(츠)-’, and the change of ‘-cheu(츠)- > -ch_Λ(□)-’ was appeared in modern Korean. In modern Korean, some derivatives made by the ‘-cheu(츠)-’ suffix group in middle Korean changed to the derivatives made by the suffix ‘-ch_Λ(□)-’, and others were replaced by derivatives made by the suffix ‘-chi(치)-(< -ti(티)-’ which was a more common suffix.

한국어 교육에서의 한국어사 지식의 유용성

장윤희 ( Jang Yoon-hee ) 한국언어문화교육학회 2007 언어와 문화 Vol.3 No.2

Knowledge about Korean language History(KLH) is not only ‘inert knowledge’ about Korean language of past period but also ‘active knowledge’ which contributes full understanding the present-day Korean language and is valuable in Korean language education. KLH is very helpful in teaching letters, phonics, grammar, and vocabulary of the Korean language. Especially KLH serves to reduce foreign student’s difficulties caused by preconceptions that the Korean language has many exceptional and irregular linguistic phenomena. KLH makes many learning materials understanding that seem to require simple memorials. Furthermore KLH helps foreign students to understand Korean traditional culture well. Hence Korean language teachers need to understand this role of KLH in Korean language Education. (Hannam University)

계층적 분할 방법과 최적화를 이용한 간호원 로스터링 해법연구

장윤희(Yoon Hee Jang),김선훈(Sun Hoon Kim),이영훈(Young Hoon Lee) 대한산업공학회 2014 대한산업공학회지 Vol.40 No.2

Numerous studies have been studied to provide an efficient solution for the Nurse Rostering Problem (NRP), most of which have suffered from its complexity arising from incorporating nurse’s work shift and ability. The test-bed data for the NRP is released for the public Competition in 2010. This study suggests a new mixed integer programming for Nurse Rostering Problem and develops a hybrid approach, where a hierarchical decomposition and the corresponding optimization are combined. The computation experiment is performed to show that the suggested algorithms may give a better solution in various instances, compared to the one appeared in the literature.