도시공원의 공급인자 평가모형

장병문,Chang, Byung-Moon 한국조경학회 2010 韓國造景學會誌 Vol.38 No.1

본 연구는 '도시공원의 공급인자가 도시공원의 이용 만족도에 미치는 영향은 무엇인가?'에 관한 연구의문에 해답을 제공하기 위하여 도시공원의 공급인자인 매력물, 서비스, 접근성, 정보, 촉진이 도시공원의 이용 만족도에 미치는 영향을 평가함을 연구목적으로 한다. 도시공원의 공급인자에 관한 이론적 고찰을 토대로 외부적 공급인자와 내부적 공급인자가 이용 만족도에 미치는 영향을 하나의 인과모형으로 구성한 개념적 틀을 구성하여 가설을 도출하였다. 연구가설의 실증적 검정을 위한 자료는 8개의 도시공원을 대상으로 할당추출방법을 사용하여 선정된 452명의 공원 이용자를 대상으로 설문조사를 통해 수집하였다. 불성실한 응답과 이상치를 제외한 356매가 분석에 사용되었다. 수집된 자료는 LISREL for Windows 8.72(Scientific Software International, Inc., 2006)와 SAS Ver. 9.1(SAS Institute Inc., 2002)을 이용하여 경로분석을 수행하였다. 도시공원의 공급인자의 평가 결과는 다음과 같다. 1) 외부적 공급인자인 접근성이 이용 만족도에 미치는 직접효과와 간접효과는 각각 0.184, 0.220으로 나타났다. 정보와 촉진이 이용 만족도에 미치는 직접효과는 없으나 간접효과는 각각 0.101, 0.177로 나타났다. 2) 내부적 공급인자인 서비스의 직접효과와 간접효과는 각각 0.130, 0.236인 반면 매력물의 직접효과는 0.698로 나타났다. 3) 도시공원 이용 만족도에 미치는 접근성, 서비스, 매력물의 직접효과의 크기는 각각 0.184, 0.130, 0.698로 57.96%를 구성하는 반면, 접근성, 정보, 촉진, 서비스의 간접효과의 크기는 각각 0.220, 0.101, 0.177, 0.236으로 42.04%이다. 4) 도시공원의 공급인자들이 도시공원의 이용 만족도(100.00%)에 미치는 인과효과의 크기는 매력물(39.98%), 접근성(23.14%), 서비스(20.96%), 촉진(10.14%), 정보(5.78%)의 순이다. 5) 도시공원의 외부적 공급인자인 접근성, 정보, 촉진의 효과는 39.06%인 반면, 내부적 공급인자인 서비스, 매력물의 효과는 69.94%로 나타났다. 연구를 통해 도시공원의 마케팅전략 수립과 기존의 조성된 도시공원 개량 방안을 마련하는데 유용한 지식을 얻었다. 특히, 이 연구에 적용된 방법론은 여타의 여가활동 장소의 계획과 설계에 유용할 것으로 판단된다. 장차 더 많은 측정변수들을 도입하여 도시공원의 공급에 관한 구조방정식 모형의 정립과 도시공원의 종류별 공급인자 에 대한 평가가 요구된다. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate supply factors of urban parks to answer the research question: What are the causal effects of supply factors of urban parks on visitor satisfaction? After reviewing the literature and the Korean park planning process, we constructed a conceptual framework and have formulated the hypothesis of this research. We had obtained data through a questionnaire, which surveyed 452 visitors at 8 urban parks in Daegu Metropolitan City in 2008, based on a stratified sampling method. After the elimination of 96 unsuitable samples, we have analyzed the data using descriptive statistical methods, Pearson's correlation analysis and a path analysis method. We have found that: 1) While the direct and indirect effect of accessibility(ACC) on visitor satisfaction(VS) turned out to be 0.184 and 0.220, respectively, the indirect effect of information(IFM) and promotion(PRM) on VS turned out to be 0.101 and 0.177, respectively. 2) While the direct and indirect effect of service(SVR) on VS turned out to be 0.130 and 0.236, respectively, the direct effect of ACC turned out to be 0.698. 3) While the direct effect of ACC, SVR and attraction(ATT) on VS turned out to be 0.184, 0.130 and 0.698, respectively, composing 67.96% of causal effect, the indirect effect of ACC, IFM, PRM and SVR on VS turned out to be 0.220, 0.101, 0.177 and 0.236, respectively, composing 42.04% of causal effect. 4) The magnitude of causal effect of supply factors on VS turned out to be ATT(39.98%), ACC(23.14%), SVR(20.96%), PRM(10.14%) and IFM(5.78%) in order, and 5) the causal effect of external supply factors of ACC, IFM and PRM compose 39.06% of the causal effect while that of the internal supply factors of SVR and ATT is 69.94%. The research results suggest that: 1) Planning for park marketing strategy and remedial directions for existing urban parks, in order to increase visitor satisfaction, be focused on IFM and PRM, especially. 2) The research approach and path analysis method adopted by this research be valid and highly useful for planning and evaluation of other recreation areas. It is recommended that: 1) Structural Equation Model on supply factors of urban parks be established in the future. 2) Evaluation of supply factors by type of urban park be performed.

자연공원의 자원과 이용 만족도간의 관계에 관한 인과모형 -국립공원과 도립공원을 중심으로-

장병문,배민기 한국조경학회 2002 韓國造景學會誌 Vol.30 No.3

The purpose of this paper is to decompose the effect of resources of natural parks(NP) on user's satisfaction to answer the research question: What are the causal effects of resources of natural parks on user\ulcorner After reviewing the literature, classification of resources of NP, various approaches and analysis methods employed, we constructed the conceptual framework and have formulated the hypothesis of this research. We had obtained data through a questionnaire, which surveyed 414 visitors at 6 of the 73 NP in Korea in 2001, based on a stratified sampling method. We have analyzed the data using descriptive statistical methods, Pearson's correlation analysis, and a path analysis method. We found that 1) While the indirect effect of topographical feature and valley(TFV), socio-cultural resources(SCR), and climate, sound, and scent(CSS) turned out to be 2.75, 1.20, and 2.00 times higher than that of wild animal and plant(WAP), the direct effect of TFV, SCR, and landscape turned out to be 2.95, 2.88, and 2.64 times higher than that of CSS, 2) The magnitude of causal effects of the three exogeneous variables of TFV, WAP, and SCR and two intervening variables of CSS and landscape on User's satisfaction turned out to be 0.403, 0.048, 0.323, 0.188, and 0.243, respectively, 3) Total direct effect of the exogeneous and intervening variables on user's satisfaction is 0.871, while that of indirect effect is 0.334, and 4) Causal effect of tangible resources is 1.80 times higher than that of intangible while total effect of tangible resources are 1.36 times higher than that of intangible. The research results suggest that 1) Criteria for designation and maintenances of NP and results of previous studies on resources turned out to be unreliable and distorted, 2) In the criteria of planning and maintenance of NP, intangible resources must be included, 3) Remedial directions to increase user's satisfaction should be focused on maintenance of TFV and landscape in NP, and 4) The approach and path analysis adopted by this research is valid and highly useful for other resource based recreation area. It is recommended that more empirical study on seasonal variation of resources in NP based user's preference be performed in the future.

공공 휴양림과 민간 휴양림의 유양자원의 차이

장병문,배민기 한국조경학회 2001 韓國造景學會誌 Vol.29 No.2

The purpose of this paper is to investigate in resources of natural recreation forest(RNRF) developed both publicly and privately in order to answer the research question: what are the differences in RNRF development between public and private developers. After reviewing the literature, the developer´s decision-making and motivation of investment, and the planning process of natural recreation forest, We constructed the conceptual framework and have formulated the hypothesis of this research. We had obtained data through a questionnaire, which surveyed of 625 visitors at 9 of the 72 natural recreation forests in Korea in 1999, We have analyzed the data using the mean difference test and logistic regression method. We found that 1) the overall quality of resource elements in RNRF has been development excellent except for the sociocultural element of recreational resources, and public recreation forest have been of higher quality than that fo private development, 20 in bivariate analysis, all the variables on quality of RNRF by public developers have turned out to be better than those of private ones, 3) in multivariate analysis, such variable as valley and water, forest and wildness area, wild life, and landscape have been statistically significant at one percent level, 4) the higher the value of valley and water, the higher the probability of public development, while the higher the value of other variables excluding water and valley, the more likelihood the recreational forest is developed by a private developer, and 5) forest and wildness area has been turned out to be the most important independent variable in contributing to the value of dependent variable. The research results suggest that 1) the differences in the quality of resource elements in RNRF developed by public and private body be considered in the planning and design process in order to develop diverse activities to make use of the resource potential, and 2) considering the resource characteristics of private natural recreation forest and the motivation of private developers, private natural recreation forest will possibly be more dynamic and dynamic attractive areas. It is recommended that the difference in the degree of visitor´s satisfaction between public and private development be examined.

공공 휴양림과 민간 휴양림의 개발요소별 이용 만족도의 차이

장병문 한국조경학회 2001 韓國造景學會誌 Vol.29 No.4

The purpose of this paper is to examine the differences of user´s satisfaction of development elements of natural recreation forest(NFR) developed by public and private bodies in order to answer the research question: What is the differences of user´s satisfaction of development elements of NFR\ulcorner After reviewing the literature, mechanism of outdoor recreation, and development elements in NRF, we constructed the conceptual framework and have formulated the hypothesis of this research. We had obtained data through a questionnaire, which surveyed 584 visitors at 10 of the 72 natural recreation forests in Korea in 1999. We have analyzed the data using he descriptive statistical method, the mean difference test, and logistic regression method. We have found that 1) all the development elements have turned out to be significantly different from the mean difference test, 2) the two elements of atmosphere and activity have turned out to be statistically significant in determining the difference of NFR developed by public and private body in logistic regression analysis while user´s satisfaction in recreational resources, facilities and service make no differences between public and private NRF, 3) the higher the degree of user´s satisfaction in atmosphere and activity at NFR, the more the NFR developed by private body, and 4) their relative contribution of atmosphere and activities on whether the NFR is developed by public or private body have been turned out to have 0.258 and 0.242 respectively, which have a similar importance. The research results suggest that a guideline for the creation of marketable NFR by public and private developer, and development of use-programs and recreational atmosphere be recommended in the planning and development process of NRF. The approach and anlaysis method adopted by this research is highly useful for an evaluation of NRF developed by the tow bodies and development of devices for increasing user´s satisfaction and marketing positioning of NRF by the tow developers. It is recommended that more empirical study on individual development elements affecting user´s satisfaction be performed in the future.

계층분석방법을 이용한 온천지구 개발요소의 중요도 평가

장병문,권은숙 영남대학교 지역발전연구소 1997 새마을지역개발연구 Vol.20 No.-

The purpose of this research is to design a hierarchy of development elements for mountain type of spa district to evaluate relative importance of the elements to answer the two research questions, i.e., what elements compose a development hierarchy related to development of spa district and what is the relative importance of the elements? After analyzing 220 questionnaire employed analytical hierarchical process, we have found that 1) the relative importance of such element as characteristics of spa water, site plan, facilities related to development of spa have been turned out to be 0.545, 0.183, and 0.273 respectively, 2) the relative importance of such characteristic as quantity, temperature and quality of water resources have the value of 0.382, 0.242, and 0.376, respectively, 3) land subdivision, transportation and circulation plan, and supply in infrastructure facilities have the value of 0.384, 0.293, and 0.322 respectively, and 4) the relative importance of main facilities using spa, supplementary facilities for main facilities, and facilities for visitors convenience have been turned out to be 0.548, 0.178, and 0.274, respectively. From this research we have found the implications that 1) characteristics of spa water turned out to be the primary factor to be considered for development of spa district 2) the quantity and quality of water in spa, and main facilities using spa are relatively important elements 3) the analytical hierarchy process(AHP) employed in this research has been turned out to be a highly useful tools for evaluation of planning and design alternatives for development of spa district. In addition, the AHP method provide a frame of reference for systematic understanding existing literature and it may be used for an useful tool in landscape planning and design.

휴양 적합성에 영향을 미치는 자연휴양림의 자원특성

장병문,서정희 한국조경학회 1999 韓國造景學會誌 Vol.27 No.4

The purpose of this research is to examine resource characteristics affecting the overall recreation suitability of natural recreation forest. On the basis of resource-based approach, we had constructed a conceptual framework for this research and found one dependent variable of the overall recreation suitability and eight independent variables, representing characteristics of recreation resource. After questionnaire surveying of 690 visitors from 10 among 72 natural recreation forests in Korea. We have analyzed the data using descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and multiple linear regression method. We have found that 1) physical factor of recreation resources turned out to be statistically insignificant and the direction of relationship between independent variable and dependent variable is the same as that of dependent variable, 2) noise, sound and smell turned out to be the most important variable in terms of magnitude of independent variable and wild life turned out to be the next important variable, and 3) noise, sound and smell turned out to have aboutn 3.3 times greater thant that of landscape, judging from the absolute value of standardized regression coefficient. The research findings can be used for planning and designing of natural recreation forests based on recreation suitability of forest resources, and will provide pertinent guidelines for management of recreation resources of natural recreation forests. The approach and method of evaluating recreation suitability employed in this research provide us valid and reliable results and will be highly useful in other resource-based recreation development. We suggest that the differences in recreation suitability between private and public recreation forests and the relationship between user-satisfaction and recreation suitability of natural recreation forests must be examined in the future research.

개발주체별 자연휴양림 시설물의 차이

장병문,서정희 한국조경학회 2000 韓國造景學會誌 Vol.28 No.3

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the difference in facilities of natural recreation forests developed by public and private body to answer the research that what is the difference in development of natural recreation forest between public and private developer\ulcorner After reviewing the literatures, developer's decision-making and motivation of investment, and the planning process of natural recreation forest, we had constructed th conceptual framework and have found the hypothesis of this research. Using data on development status of natural recreation forests and questionnaire surveying of 625 visitors from 9 among 72 natural recreation forests in Korea, We analyzed the data through the comparison of quantity of facilities per 1000 visitors and logistic regression method for quality of facilities. We have found that 1) the six facilities have been turned out to be statistically significant in determining the difference of public and private recreation forests. i.e., infrastructure including roads, maintenance and information and lodging and evacuation, indoor education, outdoor education, and shopping, 2) public recreation forests are well equipped such basic facility as roads, maintenance and information, lodging and evacuation while private recreation forests are well equipped such facility as indoor education, outdoor education, and shopping, and 3) the importance of such facility as roads, maintenance and information, lodging and evacuation, outdoor education, and shopping have been turned out to have 1.99, 2.26, 1.99, 3.01 and 2.24 times more important than that of indoor education, respectively. We can conclude that public recreation forest seems to be equipped with the facilities for sound recreational opportunities for general public, and private recreation forest turned out to have more facilities for pursuit of profits, installed basic facilities for user convenience and service, and special facilities for attracting user and raising revenue. Using the results of this research, we can make a guideline for a market positioning, and standards and provisions of natural recreation forests. We suggest that the relationship between user-satisfaction and recreation facility is needed to be examined in the future research.

자연공원의 분위기가 이용자의 만족도에 미치는 영향 - 국립공원과 도립공원을 대상으로 -

장병문,배민기 한국조경학회 2002 韓國造景學會誌 Vol.30 No.1

The purpose of this paper is to examine atmospherical factors affecting user's satisfaction in natural park to answer the research question: what are the effects of atmosphere on user's satisfaction in natural parks(NP). After reviewing the literature, mechanism of NP, and use elements in NP, We constructed the conceptual framework and have formulated the hypothesis of this research. We had obtained data through a questionnaire, which surveyed 508 visitors at 6 of the 73 NP in Korea in 2001, based on stratified sampling method. We have analyzed the data using descriptive statistical methods, the mean difference test, Pearson's correlation analysis, and the multiple linear regression method. We found that 1) the five atmospheric variables, j.e., number of users(NOU), crowding, damage to park resources(DPR), and maintenance of park resources and facilities(MPRF), encounter level(EL) affecting user's satisfaction, have tuned out to be statistically significant at a five percent level. The direction of the relationship between user's satisfaction and MPRF, NOU, EL is the same as that of the dependent variable and the opposite of crowding, and BPR, 2) in bivariate analysis, the positive relationships between user's satisfaction and park resources, MPRF are fairly high and statistically significant. The higher the value of DPR, and crowing, the lower the degree of user's satisfaction, 3) in multivariate analysis, such variables as NOU, crowding, DPR, EL, and MPRF affecting user's satisfaction have been statistically significant at five percent level, and 4) the relative contribution of MPRF, park resources, park facilities, NOU, crowding, DPR, and size of activity space on user's satisfaction have been determined to have respectively 6.00, 4.78, 2.53, 1.83, 1.64, 1.59 and 2.03 times more important than that of EL. Among the atmospheric variables, MPRF is the most important at 1.26 times higher than that of park resources. The research results suggest that the development of devices for the increase in user's satisfaction and user management program based on the knowledge we have found, be recommended in the planning and development process of natural park. The approach adopted by this research is valid and useful for evaluation criteria of NP. It is recommended that more empirical studies by activity types, activity spaces, and seasons on atmospheric elements affecting user's satisfaction be performed in the future.

도시 성장관리수단으로서 개발제한구역제도의 실효성 평가

장병문 영남대학교 지역발전연구소 1998 새마을지역개발연구 Vol.23 No.-

The purpose of this papr is to evaluate efficacy of Korean green belts system(GBS) to answer the research question that what are the efficacy of green belts as a tool for urban growth management? An evaluation of the GBS has been done in an application of evaluation elements, derived from four evaluation criteria for urban development guidance system and related six growth management factors. As for effectiveness, we found that the GBS, based on strong negative regulations, is highly effective tool for conserving open space while it is not effective one for controlling urban sprawl. The nature of GBS is not so clear whether GBS is suburban rural area or permanent open space and various criteria such as land development, land uses development permit and standards for public uses of green belts area are not reasonable enough to achieve objectives of GBS. Large tracts of land in green belts area have been converted for various public uses by public agencies As for efficiency, GBS is a highly efficient growth management tool in terms of costs, and designation of green belts area had been against police power regulations regardless of city conditions, eventually causing inefficient land uses. As for equity, taking issues through exercise of police power and eminent domain are the most critical concerns raised by landowner, and the GBS does not equipped with such necessary regulation as floor area ratio(FAR), minimum lot area(MLA) and yard size for land development. As for feasibility, GBS, equipped very weak foundations for legal basis and due process for protection of landowner s right, is not required many technical experts. However, this system has been faced by serious legal and political contest, eventually treating feasibility of GBS. The evaluating elements developed and the approach employed for this study are turned out to be highly useful and to be applicable to evaluate an efficacy of other urban tools.

학술연구논문 : 이용 만족도에 영향을 미치는 자연휴양림의 자원요소

장병문 한국산림휴양학회 2001 2001 년 임시총회 및 학술발표회 Vol.- No.-