전라문화의 맥과 전북인물 : 제 1 편 전라문화의 맥 ; 전북 지방사 자료의 연구 (1) - 전북지역 읍지에 관한 연구 / 씨족형세에 대한 분석을 중심으로

임지환 전북대학교 전라문화연구소 1990 전라문화의 맥과 전북인물 Vol.- No.-

1920년대 천진시의 공업발전

임지환 전북사학회 2010 전북사학 Vol.0 No.36

In 1920s, Tianjin was the second largest industrial city in China. With the outbreak of the world war I, China could achieve remarkable industrial development. Tianjin could also develop it's industry in a short period time. In 1920, there were over 6000 factories established in Tianjin. Even if small and medium sized factories occupied 99% of all the factories, a few of large factories were globally competitive, especially in the textile and flour industries as well as part of the chemical industries. There were several factors that made it possible for Tianjin to achieve the rapid industrial development in a short period time. In the first place, in the early 20th century, the expansion of railway network revolutionized the transportation of commercial goods and industrial raw materials. The large amount of industrial raw materials, collected from various areas of North China such as cotton, wheat, fur etc, could easily be transported to Tianjin without geographical hindrance, and lots of industrial products produced in Tianjin could also be easily supplied to various areas in North China. Secondly, the financial market had well been developed in Tianjin since Ch'ing dynasty. During the early years of the republic of China, there were three kinds of financial groups: the foreign banking group, the Chinese banking group, and the Chinese traditional banking group. The large enterprises borrowed the industrial funds from the foreign or Chinese banks, and most of the small and medium sized enterprises borrowed their industrial funds from the traditional Chinese banks. Most of the small and medium sized enterprises didn't have enough collateral to take out the industrial funds and, therefore, they favored the Chinese traditional banks which had been lorning on a credit basis since Ch'ing dynasty. The development of the financial market made it possible for businessmen in Tianjin to secure their industrial funds easily. Thirdly, to establish large factories, a large amount of investment could be made in the textile, flour, and chemical industries, mainly by the warlords and government officials. The investment of warlords and government officials could contribute not only to take the lead in promoting Chinese national industries in Tianjin, but to put a stop to foreign capital's penetration into the Chinese industry. Fourthly, constant investments to produce industrial raw materials, such as cotton, wheat, and fur, had been made since the end of Ch'ing dynasty. Especially foreign capitalists made a large amount of investment in the northwestern area of North China to collect fur. The cotton producing districts which covered a wide range of North China rpompted the rapid development of textile industry, and the expansion of fur collecting districts into Northwest China contributed to developing the leather industry in Tianjin. The rapid development of industry in Tianjin had an effect on the commercial development. For example, the development of industry led to prompting the warehouse and distribution industry, and, in the various areas of North China, caused a lot of wholesale markets to be established to supply the industrial products.

1930년대 천진전장

임지환 호남사학회 2014 역사학연구 Vol.54 No.-

In 1930s the Chinese traditional banks had to experience financial crisis in the banking business. Chinese government carried out the monetary reform to drive Eunliang, a kind of currency which had been used only to enter the sum in the account, out of the monetary market in the early 1930s. The traditional bank, or Chunchang, could expand the banking business in the financial market, before the monetary reform was conducted, by taking advantage of various favorable financial conditions given in the traditional monetary system. With the monetary reform in the early 1930s, the traditional banks must be willing to lose the financial basis that made it possible for them to make enormous profits in the process of exchanging the different currency or of depositing and withdrawing money in the bank. In spite of financial crisis in 1930s, however, the traditional banks in Tianjin could continue to maintain the prosperity of banking business. The main causes that they could keep maintaining the prosperity in 1930s can be summarized as follows : first of all, the traditional banks kept the financial policy to lend commercial and industrial funds to businessmen on credit basis like in 1920s. Naturally the small and medium sized commercial firms and industrial enterprises which were having a hard time with the lack of proper collaterals favored more the traditional banks than modern banks. The financial relation between Tianjin businessmen and the traditional banks could be maintain in 1930s without hitches. Second, after Manchuria was occupied by Japanese troops, the political insecurity and social unrest prompted lots of capitalists in North China to move to Tianjin which kept safe politically and socially, due to the preferential area of foreign powers. The traditional banks opened by them played very important roles of revitalizing the trades between Tianjin and local cities in North China by providing financial aids to businessmen who were a same native. Third, Tianjin was under the control of pro-Japanese government after Chinese government declared the war against Japan in 1937. The traditional banks made lots of profits in speculation by taking advantage of chaotic political situation. In coping with the change of financial environment, the traditional banks had to experience a couple of variation in the financial market. The Tianjin financial market was controled with strong exclusive tendency by businessmen who were a native of Tianjin before 1930s. But the scope of influence in the financial market began to be changed after large number of capitalists moved to Tianjin from each provinces from North China. The native banking businessmen had to coexist with those who moved to Tianjin from outsides. Besides that, as a part of struggle of survival in the financial market, the businessmen in the traditional bank had to make the banking funds raise in amount. 1930년대 초 남경정부에 의한 각종 금융개혁 조치로 인해 구식은행인 전장은 경영상 엄청난 타격을 면치 못했다. 천진전장 역시 금융경영의 위기를 면할 순 없었으나 중국의 다른 지역과는 달리 1930년대에도 그 전과 마찬가지로 계속 번영을 구가할 수 있었다. 본고에서는 이 점에 착안하여 1930년대 천진전장이 꾸준히 그 성장세를 유지할 수 있었던 원인을 다음 몇 가지로 분석하였다. 첫째, 전장의 운영방식이 신식은행과는 달리 신용위주의 대출을 함으로써 천진시의 상공업자들의 환영을 받았던 점, 둘째, 1930년대 전쟁으로 인해 야기된 불안했던 정치, 사회적 정황을 피하여 열강의 조계가 형성되어 있던 천진시로 화북 각 지역의 자본가들이 대거 이주하여 전장을 개설하였던 점, 셋째, 전장과 신식은행간의 밀접한 금융유대 속에 각 전장들이 신식은행으로부터 손쉽게 금융자금을 지원받을 수 있었던 점, 마지막으로 항일전쟁기간 중 혼란한 정국을 틈타 전장들이 무차별적으로 투기를 감행하여 엄청난 수익을 올릴 수 있었던 점 등을 1930년대 천진전장이 지속적으로 번영할 수 있었던 주요 원인으로 손꼽을 수 있다. 이로써 1930년대 후반기 천진전장의 번영은 정상을 벗어난 투기에 의한 기형적인 번영이라 할 수 있겠다. 그리고 1930년대 천진전장의 번영과 함께 전통금융시장에 변화가 일어나게 되었는데 이를 요악하면 첫째, 각 전장들이 새로운 금융환경에 적응하기 위해 전장의 규모를 10만원대 이상의 금융기관으로 거대화하기 시작했던 점과 둘째로 1930년대에 들어 화북 각 지역으로부터 불안한 정치 사회적 정황을 피해 천진시로 대거 몰려들어오기 시작하면서 천진시의 전통금융시장에서는 종천처럼 본지방전장이라 할 수 있었던 천진방 전장들이 금융시장을 독점하는 금융관행이 사라지게 되었다는 점이다.

1935년 國民政府의 金融公債 발행

임지환 호남사학회 2018 역사학연구 Vol.71 No.-

The Nanking government had constantly issued a large amount of the government bonds since the establishment of its regime in 1927. The issue of financial bond in 1935 was a financially epoch-making historical event that could made it possible for the long-lasting confrontation between Nanking government and financial world to be ended. The main causes that Nanking government could do nothing but make a extreme financial choice can be summarized as follows: First, as a part of financial policy to continue to issue a large amount of government bonds without the repercussion of financial world, Nanking government had to control the financial market by transforming the bank of China to the government bank. In the mid-1930s, the bank of China occupied financially over 60% of financial market. Second, in order to overcome the financial crises of Chinese financial market in the early 1930s, Nanking government had to, as a preliminary measure to reform the monetary system, take back the function for the issue of bank notes entrusted to the Chinese commercial banks in 1920-30s. The issue of financial bond in 1935 left the very important impacts in the Chinese economy and banking business of Chinese commercial banks, which can be summarized as follows: First of all, after the successful issue of financial bond in 1935, Nanking government could not only successfully complete the monetary reform, but achieve the balance of state budget through the readjustment of government bonds. Second, in the negative sides of financial bond in 1935, there was high possibility that banking business of government banks would be corruptive, and unprofessional personnel would be appointed as a manager of banking business. Third, Chinese commercial banks gave up the banking strategy that tried to grow the banking business with the protection of government and the preferential loan, and, instead of that, extended the financial influence to the industrial world by penetrating the banking capital into the various industrial fields. In the course of penetrating the financial capital into the industrial world, lots of enterprises were merged by powerful commercial banks, which made it more difficult for Chinese economy in 1930s to escape from the deep swamp of stagnation. 1935년의 금융공채의 발행은 국민정부와 금융계 사이에 공채투자를 둘러싸고 지속되었던 대립과 갈등에 종지부를 찍게 했던 일대 금융사건이었다. 우선 국민정부가 금융공채의 발행을 단행해야 했던 원인으로서 국민정부는 정부의 의도대로 금융정책을 추진해가기 위해 금융시장을 장악할 필요성이 있었는데 그 과정에서 금융시장의 60%이상을 장악하고 있던 중국은행과 교통은행을 관영은행으로 편입시킬 필요성이 있었다. 금융공채를 발행해야할 또 다른 이유는 1930년대 초 중국의 금융위기를 타개하기 위해서는 폐제의 개혁이 절대적으로 필요하였던 점이다. 페제개혁을 위해서는 일반 상업은행에게 위임되어있던 발권기능을 정부로 회수하여 정부가 전국의 은을 통합관리 해야 했다. 금융공채의 발행이 중국의 금융계와 산업계에 남긴 영향으로는 우선 국민정부는 금융공채의 발행으로 폐제개혁의 성공과 재정균형을 이룰 수 있는 발판을 마련할 수 있었다. 그러나 그 과정에서 중국의 상업은행들은 생존을 위해 금융자본을 산업계에 침투시켜 이윤창출을 시도해가는 새로운 금융경영전략을 선택해야했다. 그러나 이러한 새로운 금융전략은 이를 실행해가는 과정에서 기업들이 은행에 흡수 병합되고 은행의 여신업무에 있어서 왜곡 편향대출이 일어나는 심각한 부작용이 뒤따랐다. 이것은 결국 1930년대 침체국면을 벗어나지 못했던 중국의 경제를 더욱 침체의 늪으로 빠져들어가도록 한 중요한 원인이 되었다.

Correlation between Endoscopic and Histological Diagnoses of Gastric Intestinal Metaplasia

임지환,김나영,이혜승,최기영,조소영,전일영,최치언,윤혁,신철민,박영수,이동호,정현채 거트앤리버 소화기연관학회협의회 2013 Gut and Liver Vol.7 No.1

Background/Aims: Intestinal metaplasia (IM) is a premalignant condition. This study aimed to evaluate the correlation between endoscopic and histological findings of IM. Methods: The cases of IM were graded by conventional endoscopy, and biopsies were taken from the antrum and body of 1,333 subjects for histological IM diagnosis. Multivariate analyses were performed to identify the factors that affect the sensitivity of endoscopic IM diagnosis. Results: The sensitivity/specificity of endoscopic IM diagnosis based on histology was 24.0%/91.9% for the antrum and 24.2%/88.0% for the body. As indicated by multivariate analysis, the presence of endoscopic atrophic gastritis (AG) (odds ratio [OR], 4.73; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.07 to 10.79) and the activity of mucosal inflammation (OR, 2.21; 95% CI, 1.08 to 4.54) were associated with the sensitivity of endoscopic IM diagnosis in the antrum, while the presence of endoscopic AG (OR, 8.02; 95% CI, 4.55 to 14.15), dysplasia (OR, 2.40; 95% CI, 1.07 to 5.39), and benign gastric ulcers (OR, 0.35; 95% CI, 0.15 to 0.081) were associated with the sensitivity of endoscopic IM diagnosis in the body. Conclusions: As the sensitivity of endoscopic IM diagnosis was low, a high index of suspicion for IM is necessary in the presence of atrophy, and confirmation by histology is also necessary. (Gut Liver 2013;7:41-50)

북양정부시기 군벌관료자본의 금융업에 대한 투자

임지환 호남사학회 2019 역사학연구 Vol.76 No.-

Chinese government officials and warlords began to invest on the commercial industry and banking industry during the Baiyang government times, The development of Chinese banking industry was deeply linked to the investment of warlords and government official. Their investment for the establishment of commercial banks had a characteristics to be focused on Hobei province. Hobei province was the center of Chinese politics during Beiyang government times. In the early 20th century, Chinese commercial banks would rather seek to continuously grow under the protection of government than the expansion of receiving and loan business on credit. The main causes for Chinese government official and warlords to make a great deal of investment on the banking industry can be summarized as follows: first of all, Chinese government officials and warlords needed to constitute the new banking infrta-structure to provide effectively industrial funds to the large scaled enterprises established by their investment. Also, they sought to make lots of profits in the new banking environment for the developnent of Chinese banking industry with the rapid increase of total currency. Besides, each warlord faction wanted to possess their own commercial banks that could provide political funds for their power strife. The large scaled investment on the development of Chinese banking industry left the following impacts in the Chinese modern economy. First, the investing activities of Chinese banking industry contributed to prompting the industrial development in Huipei provinge. Second, Their investing actives not only led to the rapid development of Chinese national industry, but prevented, to some degree, foreign banks and foreign funds from penetrating into Chinee financial market. 북양정부시기 군벌관료들은 중국의금융업에 대대적인 투자를 전개하였다. 그들의 투자는 경진지역에 주로 집중되었는데 그것은 당시 경진지역은 중국의 정치의 중심지로서 경진지역의 상업은행에 투자를 할 경우 정부와의 유착 속에 은행의 빠른 성장을 기대할 수 있었기 때문이었다. 북양정부시기 군벌관료들이 금융업에 대대적인 투자를 하지 않으면 안 되었던 이유는 제1차 세계대전 이후 빠른 속도로 발전을 거듭했던 중국의 상공업발전에 필요한 기업자금의 원활한 공급을 위한 새로운 금융인프라가 필요했기 때문이다. 그리고 중국의 금융산업 발전에 유리한 국제여건의 조성 속에 더욱 많은 부를 축적하려는 의도에서 금융업에 대대적인 투자를 전개하였다. 그리고 각 계파의 군벌들은 그들의 정치자금의 조달을 원활하게 하기 위해 그들이 사금고처럼 사용할 수 있는 상업은행을 소유하려는 경향이 뚜렷했다. 군벌관료의 금융업에 대한 투자는 중국경제에 영향을 미쳤는데 첫 번째로 경진지역의 상공업발전에 중요한 역할을 하였으며 그들의 금융업에 대한 투자활동은 민족공업의 발달을 촉진시켰을 뿐만 아니라 외국자본이 중국의 금융시장을 장악해 들어오는 것을 어느정도 저지할 수 있었다. 그러나 1920-30년대 중국의 상업은행 다수가 군벌관료의 직접 투자로 설립되었던 까닭에 금융경영에 경험이 없었던 그들의 친인척을 경영에 참여시키는 등 상업은행의 경영이 그들의 영향력 하에서 자유롭지 못한 부정적인 면이 많았다.

1900년대 초 中國 錢庄의 회획 制度

임지환 全北史學會 2001 전북사학 Vol.24 No.-

A comparative study of the ignition and burning characteristics of afterburning aluminum and magnesium particles

임지환,이상협,윤웅섭 대한기계학회 2014 JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Vol.28 No.10

Ignition and the burning of air-born single aluminum and magnesium particles are experimentally investigated. Particles of 30 to 106 μm-diameters were electrodynamically levitated, ignited, and burnt in atmospheric air. The particle combustion evolution was recorded by high-speed cinematography. Instant temperature and thermal radiation intensity were measured using two-wavelength pyrometry and photomultiplier tube methods. Ignition of the magnesium particle is prompt and substantially advances the aluminum particle by 10 ms. Burning time of the aluminum particles is extended 3 to 5 times longer than the magnesium particles. Exponents of a power-law fit of the burning rates are 1.55 and 1.24 for aluminum and magnesium particles, respectively. Flame temperature is slightly lower than the oxide melting temperature. For the aluminum, dimensionless flame diameter is inert to the initial particle size, but for the magnesium inversely proportional to the initial diameter.

淸末 上海 金融市場의 金融風潮

임지환 전북사학회 1999 전북사학 Vol.21ㆍ22 No.-

형태보존암호화를 이용한 랜섬웨어 방지 및 스테가노그래피 보안강화기술

임지환,나관우,우재민,서화정,Lim, Ji-hwan,Na, Gwan-Woo,Woo, Jae-Min,Seo, Hwa-joeng 한국정보통신학회 2018 한국정보통신학회논문지 Vol.22 No.5

형태 보존 암호는 암호화하고자 하는 목적 정보에 대한 변형 없이 형태를 유지한 상태로 암호화하는 기법으로써 최근에 국가보안기술연구소에 의해 제안되었다. 본 논문에서는 형태 보존 암호를 활용하여 기존의 사이버 보안 관련 문제를 해결하는 방안을 제안하고자 한다. 먼저 랜섬웨어 공격을 효과적으로 방어하기 위해 시그니처 및 확장자를 형태보존암호로 암호화하는 방안을 제시한다. 해당 기법은 최소한의 정보를 암호화함으로써 랜섬웨어에 대한 노출을 최소화할 수 있다. 두 번째로 스테가노그래피와 같이 비밀 정보를 숨기는 기술상에서도 해당 정보의 양을 최소화함으로써 공격에 대비할 수 있는 방안을 제시한다. 마지막으로 형태보존암호와 경량암호에서 암호화에 따른 동작 속도를 비교하고, 형태보존암호를 최적화하였을 때, 그에 따른 성능 향상까지 비교하고자 한다. Recently, Format-Preserving-Encryption (FEA) was suggested by the National Security Research institute (NSR) as an encryption method while maintaining the format without a distortion to the intended information to be encrypted. In this paper, we propose a scheme to solve conventional cyber security problems by using FEA scheme. First, we present the method to encrypt signatures and extensions with FEA in order to effectively defend against Ransomeware attacks. This technique can mitigate the exposure to the Ransomeware by encrypting the minimum information. Second, in order to reduce the secret information for Steganography, we introduce a new way to minimize the secret information with FEA. Finally, we compare the operation speed by encryption with FEA and Lightweight Encryption Algorithm (LEA), furthermore when we optimize FEA we want to compare with the performance improvement accompanying with it.