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이희환 전북사학회 2011 전북사학 Vol.0 No.38
This paper is to study the political developments in the reign of Kwanghaegun through the analysis on the role of Lee I-Cheom in the official circles. He gained the king's confidence from the early times. He took the lead in the political stage by scaling up the Kimjikjae incident of 1612 as a plot of treason. Afterwards he again made use of another affair, this time the Seo Yanggap incident, and took the initiative to expel the Queen Dowager Inmok, thus managed to strengthen his power. And he mobilized every possible means to expand the influence on the politics of the treason. He used various people, for example, Jeong In-hong who was a favorite subject, royal concubines, and even political rivals. He took advantage of officials and confucian scholars for his own purpose, but if his interests conflicted, he didn't hesitate to bring a false treason charge against them. His longtime seizure to power came from not only his tricks but also Kwanghaegun's exerting style of sovereignty. The settlement of current issues was often delayed due to the king's indecisiveness. Lee I-Cheom took command of the censoring organs while the role of high officials as arbitrators lacked. His days were full of the happenings of the major criminal cases such as murder and high treason and the construction of royal palaces, so the government went into financial trouble, and the corruption was prevalent in the official world. Under the circumstances he could commit various misconducts including the purges against political rivals and the wrongdoings in the state examinations. Meanwhile the conflicts and the cooperations among the political parties repeated themselves in the Kwanghaegun government, and it resulted, in my opinion, from the personal interests rather than the political parties' interests. Therefore the reign of Kwanghaegun could be appraised as the period not of the confrontation between the big Northerners (Daebuk) and the little Northerners (Sobuk) but of the personal interests.
이희환 전북사학회 2013 전북사학 Vol.0 No.42
King Hyojong strengthened the capital army of the Joseon dynasty, as the domestic situation was settled down to some degree after Ch'ing intervention diminished. He tried to mount even an all-out hunt for fugitive slaves and to enforce a youngjang system for the military expansion and the buildup of local armies. But the attempt was confronted with the public resentment as well as the opposition from the bureaucracy as the country had a bad harvest one after another, then at last it failed. To break the deadlock, the king gave Song Si-yol to responsible posts consecutively, and expressed his willness to launch a northern expedition. But, in reality, to execute the plan for a northern expedition was impossible. The national finance was in a bad condition at the time, then to mobilize of a large scale strength of military power was very difficult, and many government officials went in the opposite direction too. The plan was just an impracticable daydream which had never been carried out. In addition, it was only several months in late Hyojong's regime during when rustic literati(sallim) like Song Si-yol hold important positions. Therefore we have not to grasp Hyojong's political situation focusing on the plan for northern subjugation or Song Si-yol. It was after Hyonjong's accession to the throne that Song used his strong political influence. And a theory of loyalty to Ming at that time also have to be analyzed objectively, separated from the plan for a northern expedition.